We reviewed the geological record of mangroves based on fossil pollen, fruits, and wood evidence of Nypa, Avicennia, Sonneratia, Rhizophoraceae, and mangrove associates to trace the origin, distribution, extinction, and range contraction of paleo‐mangroves during the Late Cretaceous–Miocene time. Our study region covers paleocoastal areas of Indo‐West Pacific (IWP) and Atlantic East Pacific (AEP) region. First, we compiled the mangrove fossil records from the Late Cretaceous till Miocene and identified the migration pattern for Nypa, Avicennia, Sonneratia, Rhizophoraceae members, and mangrove associates such as Acrostichum, Wetherellia, Pelliciera, Aegiceras, Heritiera, Excoecaria, and Barringtonia. Second, we interpreted the paleoclimate shifts which caused the dispersal/extinction of this specialized ecosystem. Lastly, we proposed the future consequences of mangrove diversity for restoration and conservation strategies. First mangroves appeared during the Late Cretaceous, 100–65 Ma, since then their evolution is closely related to sea‐level changes in geological times. The oldest geological record of Nypa palm which prefers broad ecological tolerance is a good example for pantropical distribution of mangroves. High sea‐level and humid climate offered sufficient coastal regions and climate for the development of 12 genera of mangroves in nine families and subsequent proliferation into newer areas during early to middle Eocene (~50–40 Ma). The Eocene/Oligocene boundary crisis heralds the beginning of a biogeographical split between the present‐day eastern and western provinces of mangroves with records of Sonneratia, Rhizophora, Pelliciera, Barringtonia, and Acrostichum. However, during Oligocene and Middle Miocene mangroves occupied the present geographical position with addition of Nypa, Avicennia, and Excoecaria species. Re‐evaluation of Cenozoic records suggests that the climatic conditions of Late Paleocene, end of Eocene, and middle Pliocene were the driving force that led to the evolution and expansion of mangrove flora. During the Neogene, latitudinal contraction, extinction, and migration of mangroves led to the present bipartite distribution. The Himalayan uplift and establishment of Asian summer monsoon toward Late Neogene further affected the coastal dynamics which tailored the mangrove distribution of the Indian subcontinent. Loss of ecological habitats and local extinction forming disjunct distribution of mangroves during the Quaternary have also affected its overall biogeography.

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红树林的演化与古生物地理学

我们回顾基于化石花粉，水果和木材证据红树林的地质记录NYPA，白骨，海桑，红树科，红树林和同伙追本溯源，流通，消光，和古红树林的范围缩小晚Cretaceous-期间中新世时间。我们的研究区域覆盖了印度西部-太平洋（IWP）和大西洋东太平洋（AEP）的古卵地区。首先，我们整理了从白垩纪晚期到中新世的红树林化石记录，并确定了Nypa，Avicennia，Sonneratia，Rhizophoraceae成员以及红树林伙伴（如Acrostichum，Wetherellia，Pelliciera，Aegiceras，Heritiera，Excoecaria，和Barringtonia。其次，我们解释了引起这一专门生态系统扩散/灭绝的古气候变化。最后，我们提出了红树林多样性对恢复和保护战略的未来影响。第一个红树林出现在白垩纪晚期（100-65 Ma），此后它们的演化与地质时期的海平面变化密切相关。尼帕最古老的地质记录偏爱宽容生态的棕榈树是红树林泛热带分布的一个很好的例子。较高的海平面和潮湿的气候为新世早期至中新世（约50-40 Ma）向9个科系的12属红树林的发展提供了足够的沿海地区和气候，并随后扩散到较新的地区。始新世/渐新世的边界危机预示着当今东西部红树林省之间的生物地理学分裂的开始，该省有Sonneratia，Rhizophora，Pelliciera，Barringtonia和Acrostichum的记录。但是，在渐新世和中新世中期，红树林占据了目前的地理位置，此外还有Nypa，Avicennia和Exececaria种。对新生代记录的重新评估表明，晚古新世，始新世末期和中新世中期的气候条件是导致红树林植物群进化和扩展的驱动力。在新近纪期间，红树林的纬向收缩，灭绝和迁移导致了目前的二分分布。喜马拉雅山隆升和亚洲向新近晚期晚期的亚洲季风的建立进一步影响了沿海动力，这些动力适应了印度次大陆的红树林分布。在第四纪期间，生态栖息地的丧失和红树林分离分布的局部灭绝也影响了其整体生物地理。