Designing automotive Human–Machine Interfaces falls into a resource-intensive and iterative prototyping process. Design inputs, including those resulting from an automaker’s brand sense, frequently emerge from subjectively evaluating the products. This research aims at characterising the haptic feedback afforded by push-buttons’ prototypes. It introduces quality criteria, by assessing feedback degradation when actuations depart from optimal conditions and fall into suboptimal interactions. From reviewing published literature in HMIs’, metrics for characterising haptic profiles are insufficient and the taxonomy is unclear, redundant and conflicting. Experiments were built, providing prototypes with distinguishable feedbacks. Their haptic profile was measured and translated into unique engineering parameters, including new metrics to address feedback resilience in suboptimal actuations. Perceptual processes are involved, with the interpretation of data extended by using human Just-Noticeable-Differences (JNDs) thresholds and a psychophysical model of finger compliance. The outcome of this research is twofold: a contribution to a better understanding of push-buttons haptic feedback, enabling the definition of desired interactions and meeting brand sense expectations in early design stages of HMIs; and a proposed taxonomy for characterising push-button haptic feedback. The results achieved and the research methodology are extendable for similar design activities that require Human–Machine interactions, development of HMIs in general, and virtualisation of haptics.

中文翻译：

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最佳和次优交互中汽车按钮触觉反馈质量的工程视角

设计汽车人机界面属于资源密集型和迭代原型设计过程。设计输入，包括那些来自汽车制造商品牌意识的输入，经常来自对产品的主观评估。这项研究旨在表征按钮原型提供的触觉反馈。它引入了质量标准，通过评估当驱动偏离最佳条件并陷入次优交互时的反馈退化。从 HMI 中已发表的文献来看，表征触觉配置文件的指标不足，分类不明确、冗余且相互矛盾。建立了实验，为原型提供了可区分的反馈。他们的触觉资料被测量并转化为独特的工程参数，包括解决次优驱动中的反馈弹性的新指标。涉及感知过程，数据的解释通过使用人类 Just-Noticeable-Differences (JNDs) 阈值和手指顺应性的心理物理模型进行扩展。这项研究的成果是双重的：有助于更好地理解按钮式触觉反馈，在 HMI 的早期设计阶段实现所需交互的定义和满足品牌感官期望；以及用于表征按钮触觉反馈的拟议分类法。取得的结果和研究方法可扩展到需要人机交互、一般 HMI 开发和触觉虚拟化的类似设计活动。通过使用人类 Just-Noticeable-Differences (JNDs) 阈值和手指顺应性的心理物理学模型扩展数据的解释。这项研究的成果是双重的：有助于更好地理解按钮式触觉反馈，在 HMI 的早期设计阶段实现所需交互的定义和满足品牌感官期望；以及用于表征按钮触觉反馈的拟议分类法。取得的结果和研究方法可扩展到需要人机交互、一般 HMI 开发和触觉虚拟化的类似设计活动。通过使用人类 Just-Noticeable-Differences (JNDs) 阈值和手指顺应性的心理物理学模型扩展数据的解释。这项研究的成果是双重的：有助于更好地理解按钮式触觉反馈，在 HMI 的早期设计阶段实现所需交互的定义和满足品牌感官期望；以及用于表征按钮触觉反馈的拟议分类法。所取得的结果和研究方法可扩展到需要人机交互、一般 HMI 开发和触觉虚拟化的类似设计活动。有助于更好地理解按钮式触觉反馈，从而在 HMI 的早期设计阶段定义所需的交互并满足品牌感官期望；以及用于表征按钮触觉反馈的拟议分类法。取得的结果和研究方法可扩展到需要人机交互、一般 HMI 开发和触觉虚拟化的类似设计活动。有助于更好地理解按钮式触觉反馈，从而在 HMI 的早期设计阶段定义所需的交互并满足品牌感官期望；以及用于表征按钮触觉反馈的拟议分类法。取得的结果和研究方法可扩展到需要人机交互、一般 HMI 开发和触觉虚拟化的类似设计活动。