ABSTRACT From a perceptual learning perspective, infants use social information (like gaze direction) in a similar way as other information in our physical environment (like object movements) to specify action possibilities. In the current study, we assumed that infants are able to learn an affordance upon observing an adult failing to act out that affordance, without appreciating object-directed intentions, or, communicative intent towards the infant. Using a variation of the Re-enactment procedure, we found that when the attention of infants (N = 46, Mage = 20 months) was drawn towards the eyes of the person before she acted out the failed attempt, either by ostensive cues or non-ostensive cues, infants achieved more affordances than when their attention was not directed towards the eyes. As directing the attention of infants to the eyes of another person frequently results in gaze following, this suggests that infants use the gaze direction of another person in order to learn what affordance that other person is trying to realize. In addition, the results of a spatiotemporal analysis on the eye-movements of infants suggest that the gaze and the object movements of the person facilitate learning by directing the attention of infants towards important object-directed actions on crucial moments during the failed attempt demonstrations. These results are discussed in terms of perceptual attunement and affordance learning.

中文翻译：

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婴儿的调谐和可供性学习

摘要从知觉学习的角度来看，婴儿以与我们物理环境中的其他信息（如物体运动）类似的方式使用社会信息（如注视方向）来指定动作的可能性。在当前的研究中，我们假设婴儿能够在观察到成人未能表现出这种启示时学习一种启示，而不会意识到面向对象的意图，或者对婴儿的交流意图。使用重演程序的一种变体，我们发现当婴儿（N = 46，法师 = 20 个月）的注意力被吸引到人的眼睛上时，她才做出失败的尝试，无论是通过明示暗示还是非- 明示暗示，婴儿比当他们的注意力不集中在眼睛上时获得了更多的启示。由于将婴儿的注意力引导到另一个人的眼睛上经常会导致注视跟随，这表明婴儿使用另一个人的注视方向是为了了解另一个人试图意识到什么可供性。此外，对婴儿眼球运动的时空分析结果表明，人的凝视和物体运动通过将婴儿的注意力引导到失败尝试示范期间关键时刻的重要物体导向动作上来促进学习。这些结果在感知协调和可供性学习方面进行了讨论。对婴儿眼球运动的时空分析结果表明，人的凝视和物体运动通过将婴儿的注意力引导到失败的尝试演示中关键时刻的重要物体导向动作上来促进学习。这些结果在感知协调和可供性学习方面进行了讨论。对婴儿眼球运动的时空分析结果表明，人的凝视和物体运动通过将婴儿的注意力引导到失败的尝试演示中关键时刻的重要物体导向动作上来促进学习。这些结果在感知协调和可供性学习方面进行了讨论。