Well-adapted flight morphology must allow for efficient behavioral activities. Wing shape has been shown in a variety of species to be influenced by environmental conditions. Analysis of wing shape using geometric morphometrics provides a visualization of wing shape variations. This study examined the effects of varied environments on wing shape and wing size of the damselfly Argia sedula in central Texas. Comparisons were made (1) between populations collected early in the flight season versus those collected late in the flight season; (2) between populations collected at different locations, and (3) among populations collected from the same locations during several annual flight seasons. We found widespread differences in both wing shape and body size in males and females among most environments examined. Male and female damselflies collected early varied significantly from those collected late in the flight season for all locations and years sampled. Damselflies emerging early in the flight season were significantly larger than those emerging late in the season. Significant differences in wing shape and size occurred in comparisons of male and female damselflies collected in different years at the same location. In comparing damselflies collected at different locations, neither females nor males varied significantly in wing shape. Size varied in only one male comparison between locations. Our results suggest that differences in seasonal and year-to-year environmental conditions, but not geographical location, frequently influence wing shape and wing size in A. sedula, and quite possibly in other damselfly species.

中文翻译：

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环境对 Argia sedula (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) 翅膀形状和翅膀大小的影响

适应良好的飞行形态必须允许有效的行为活动。翅膀形状已在多种物种中显示出受环境条件的影响。使用几何形态测量学分析机翼形状提供了机翼形状变化的可视化。这项研究检查了不同环境对德克萨斯州中部豆娘 Argia sedula 的翅膀形状和翅膀大小的影响。对 (1) 飞行季节早期收集的种群与飞行季节后期收集的种群进行了比较；(2) 在不同地点收集的种群之间，以及 (3) 在几个年度飞行季节从同一地点收集的种群之间。我们发现在大多数检查的环境中，雄性和雌性的翅膀形状和体型存在广泛差异。对于所有采样地点和年份，早期收集的雄性和雌性豆娘与飞行季节后期收集的雄性和雌性豆娘有显着差异。飞行季节早期出现的豆娘明显大于季节后期出现的豆娘。在同一地点不同年份收集的雄性和雌性豆娘的比较中，翅膀形状和大小出现了显着差异。在比较不同地点收集的豆娘时，雌性和雄性的翅膀形状都没有显着差异。不同地点之间只有一名男性比较的大小不同。我们的结果表明，季节性和逐年环境条件的差异，而不是地理位置，经常影响 A. sedula 的翅膀形状和翅膀大小，并且很可能影响其他豆娘物种。