ABSTRACT Reference Man is used for generic evaluation of ionizing radiation impacts, regulation, and nuclear licensing decisions made by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC). The United States Code of Federal Regulations, 2018 edition, Chapter 10: Part 20 ‘Standards for Protection Against Radiation’ contains eight references to ‘reference man’ as the basis for regulation and calculation of radiation exposure. The document was accessed January 9, 2019 (https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2018-title10-vol1-part20.pdf). Findings from 60 years of A-bomb survivor data show that Reference Man does not represent the human life cycle with respect to harm from radiation exposure. Findings reported here show females are more harmed by radiation, particularly when exposed as young girls, than is predicted by use of Reference Man; the difference is a much as 10-fold. Since females have been ignored in regulatory analysis, this has resulted in systematic under-reporting of harm from ionizing radiation exposure in the global population. A critique is also offered on the US Environmental Protection Agency’s attempt to include females in its regulation. Recommendations for interim regulation to provide better protection, and questions for further study are offered.

中文翻译：

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辐射和辐射监管的不成比例影响

摘要 Reference Man 用于对美国核管理委员会 (US NRC) 做出的电离辐射影响、监管和核许可决定的一般评估。美国联邦法规，2018 年版，第 10 章：第 20 部分“辐射防护标准”包含八处提到“参考人”作为辐射暴露的监管和计算基础。该文件于 2019 年 1 月 9 日访问（https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title10-vol1/pdf/CFR-2018-title10-vol1-part20.pdf）。来自 60 年原子弹幸存者数据的发现表明，参考人并不代表人类生命周期中辐射暴露造成的伤害。这里报告的研究结果表明，女性更容易受到辐射的伤害，尤其是在年轻女孩暴露时，比使用参考人预测；差异高达 10 倍。由于在监管分析中忽略了女性，这导致对全球人口中电离辐射暴露造成的危害的系统性报告不足。对美国环境保护署试图将女性纳入其法规的做法也提出了批评。提出了临时监管的建议，以提供更好的保护，并提出了进一步研究的问题。