Abstract Water-scarcity in dry areas is driving agriculture towards increased utilization of marginal to poor quality water sources for irrigation. This includes groundwater and recycled wastewater that tend to be characterized by high levels of minerals and commonly of problematic salts. Israel has been a global leader in irrigation application efficiency, use of groundwater with relatively high concentrations of salts and recycled municipal wastewater, and recently, in the use of large-scale seawater desalination for human consumption and irrigation. Irrigation with water high in salts has been shown to be unsustainable in many dry regions, mostly due to increasing salinity of soil, subsoil, and groundwater resulting from the application and leaching of salts. We present a summary of the direct effects of salinity on crop production, of its management in vegetable crops, and of the environmental consequences of different salinity management practices. The objective of this review is to provide a fundamental understanding of the advantages and limitations of irrigating vegetable crops as a function of water quality, considering good quality surface and groundwater, saline/brackish water, treated wastewater and desalinated water. The long-term experience of irrigation of annual vegetable and other horticultural crops with diverse water qualities in Israel is reviewed. The environmental implications of irrigation as a function of water salinity, both on a national scale and using a local case study of irrigation with brackish groundwater of vegetables in Israel's Arava Valley, are discussed. Finally, possible management strategies are suggested to reduce environmental consequences of irrigation with water containing salts and address the fundamental question; “can irrigated arid zone vegetable production be sustainable?”

中文翻译：

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使用不同水质的水对蔬菜作物进行灌溉和施肥的后果：以以色列为例

摘要 干旱地区的缺水正在推动农业更多地利用边际到劣质水源进行灌溉。这包括地下水和回收废水，这些废水的特点往往是矿物质含量高，通常含有有问题的盐分。以色列在灌溉应用效率、使用含盐量相对较高的地下水和循环城市废水方面一直处于全球领先地位，最近，在大规模海水淡化用于人类消费和灌溉方面处于领先地位。在许多干旱地区，用高盐水灌溉已被证明是不可持续的，主要是由于盐分的应用和浸出导致土壤、底土和地下水的盐分增加。我们总结了盐度对作物生产的直接影响，其在蔬菜作物中的管理，以及不同盐度管理实践的环境后果。本综述的目的是提供对作为水质函数的灌溉蔬菜作物的优势和局限性的基本理解，考虑到优质的地表水和地下水、咸水/微咸水、处理过的废水和淡化水。回顾了以色列灌溉一年生蔬菜和其他水质不同的园艺作物的长期经验。讨论了作为水盐度函数的灌溉对环境的影响，无论是在全国范围内还是使用以色列阿拉瓦河谷的微咸地下水灌溉当地案例研究。最后，提出了可能的管理策略，以减少含盐水灌溉对环境的影响并解决基本问题；“灌溉干旱区蔬菜生产是否可持续？”