Floods and droughts are key driving forces shaping aquatic ecosystems. Climate change may alter key attributes of these events and consequently health and distribution of aquatic species. Improved knowledge of biological responses to different types of floods and droughts in rivers should allow the better prediction of the ecological consequences of climate change‐induced flow alterations. This review highlights that in unmodified ecosystems, the intensity and direction of biological impacts of floods and droughts vary, but the overall consequence is an increase in biological diversity and ecosystem health. To predict the impact of climate change, metrics that allow the quantitative linking of physical disturbance attributes to the directions and intensities of biological impacts are needed. The link between habitat change and the character of biological response is provided by the frequency of occurrence of the river wave characteristic—that is the event's predictability. The severity of impacts of floods is largely related to the river wave amplitude (flood magnitude), while the impact of droughts is related to river wavelength (drought duration).

中文翻译：

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气候变化下洪水和干旱对河流生态系统的作用

洪水和干旱是塑造水生生态系统的关键驱动力。气候变化可能会改变这些事件的关键属性，从而改变水生物种的健康和分布。提高对河流中不同类型洪水和干旱的生物反应的认识应该可以更好地预测气候变化引起的流量改变的生态后果。本综述强调，在未修改的生态系统中，洪水和干旱的生物影响的强度和方向各不相同，但总体结果是生物多样性和生态系统健康的增加。为了预测气候变化的影响，需要能够将物理干扰属性与生物影响的方向和强度进行定量联系的指标。栖息地变化与生物反应特征之间的联系是由河流波浪特征的发生频率提供的——即事件的可预测性。洪水影响的严重程度主要与河流波幅（洪水量级）有关，而干旱的影响则与河流波长（干旱持续时间）有关。