Reproduction and diet are two major factors controlling the physiology of aging and life history, but how they interact to affect the evolution of longevity is unknown. Moreover, although studies of large‐effect mutants suggest an important role of nutrient sensing pathways in regulating aging, the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in lifespan remains poorly understood. To address these questions, we analyzed the genomes of experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to a factorial combination of two selection regimes: reproductive age (early versus postponed), and diet during the larval stage (“low,” “control,” “high”), resulting in six treatment combinations with four replicate populations each. Selection on reproductive age consistently affected lifespan, with flies from the postponed reproduction regime having evolved a longer lifespan. In contrast, larval diet affected lifespan only in early‐reproducing populations: flies adapted to the “low” diet lived longer than those adapted to control diet. Here, we find genomic evidence for strong independent evolutionary responses to either selection regime, as well as loci that diverged in response to both regimes, thus representing genomic interactions between the two. Overall, we find that the genomic basis of longevity is largely independent of dietary adaptation. Differentiated loci were not enriched for “canonical” longevity genes, suggesting that naturally occurring genic targets of selection for longevity differ qualitatively from variants found in mutant screens. Comparing our candidate loci to those from other “evolve and resequence” studies of longevity demonstrated significant overlap among independent experiments. This suggests that the evolution of longevity, despite its presumed complex and polygenic nature, might be to some extent convergent and predictable.

中文翻译：

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果蝇延迟繁殖和幼虫饮食的寿命和生活史进化的独特基因组信号


生殖和饮食是控制衰老生理和生命史的两个主要因素，但它们如何相互作用以影响长寿的进化尚不清楚。此外，尽管对大效应突变体的研究表明营养传感途径在调节衰老中发挥着重要作用，但寿命进化变化的遗传基础仍然知之甚少。为了解决这些问题，我们分析了实验进化的黑腹果蝇群体的基因组，这些群体接受了两种选择方案的因子组合：生育年龄（早期与推迟）和幼虫阶段的饮食（“低”、“对照”、“高”）。 ”），产生六种治疗组合，每种治疗组合有四个重复群体。生育年龄的选择始终影响寿命，延迟生育制度的果蝇进化出了更长的寿命。相比之下，幼虫饮食仅影响早期繁殖群体的寿命：适应“低”饮食的果蝇比适应控制饮食的果蝇寿命更长。在这里，我们发现了对任一选择机制的强烈独立进化反应的基因组证据，以及响应这两种机制而出现分歧的基因座，从而代表了两者之间的基因组相互作用。总的来说，我们发现长寿的基因组基础在很大程度上与饮食适应无关。分化的基因座并未富集“典型”长寿基因，这表明自然发生的长寿选择基因目标与突变体筛选中发现的变体有质的不同。将我们的候选基因座与其他长寿“进化和重新测序”研究的候选基因座进行比较，表明独立实验之间存在显着重叠。 这表明，尽管长寿的进化被认为是复杂的和多基因的，但在某种程度上可能是趋同的和可预测的。