Climate fluctuations and tectonic reconfigurations associated with environmental changes play large roles in determining patterns of adaptation and diversification, but studies documenting how such drivers have shaped the evolutionary history and diversification dynamics of limnic organisms during the Mesozoic are scarce. Members of the heteropteran infraorder Nepomorpha, or aquatic bugs, are ideal for testing the effects of these determinants on their diversification pulses because most species are confined to aquatic environments during their entire life. The group has a relatively mature taxonomy and is well represented in the fossil record. We investigated the evolution of Nepomorpha based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular characters sampled from 115 taxa representing all 13 families and approximately 40% of recognized genera. Our results were largely congruent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from morphology. A divergence dating analysis indicated that Nepomorpha began to diversify in the late Permian (approximately 263 Ma), and diversification analyses suggested that palaeoecological opportunities probably promoted lineage diversification in this group.

中文翻译：

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真水虫的系统发育和多样化（昆虫纲：半翅目：异翅目：Nepomorpha）

与环境变化相关的气候波动和构造重构在决定适应和多样化模式方面发挥着重要作用，但很少有研究记录这些驱动因素如何塑造中生代湖泊生物的进化历史和多样化动态。异翅目下目 Nepomorpha 或水生昆虫的成员非常适合测试这些决定因素对其多样化脉冲的影响，因为大多数物种在其整个生命周期中都被限制在水生环境中。该群体具有相对成熟的分类学，并在化石记录中得到很好的体现。我们基于从代表所有 13 个科和大约 40% 的公认属的 115 个分类群中采样的形态和分子特征的系统发育分析，调查了 Nepomorpha 的进化。我们的结果与从形态学推断的系统发育关系基本一致。分歧年代分析表明，Nepomorpha 在二叠纪晚期（约 263 Ma）开始多样化，多样化分析表明古生态机会可能促进了该类群的谱系多样化。