ABSTRACT Sea surface temperature (SST) from four Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) model simulations is analyzed to study the bulk flux parameterization to compute SST over the Hudson Bay Complex (HBC) for the summer months (August and September) from 2002 to 2009. The NEMO simulation was forced with two atmospheric forcing sets with different resolutions: the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiment, version 2 (COREv2), as the lower resolution and the Canadian Meteorological Centre’s Global Deterministic Prediction System Reforecasts (CGRF) as the higher resolution. The CGRF forcing is also implemented in the third and fourth runs using different runoff data and different NEMO resolutions (1/12° versus 1/4°). Results show that all four modelled SSTs followed observed SST patterns, with regional differences in SST bias between simulations with different atmospheric forcing. The SST differences are small between simulations forced with the same atmospheric forcing but with different model resolution or runoff. This implies that the model resolution and runoff have a small effect on the simulated SST in the HBC. Moreover, to better capture the effect of near-surface temperature (Tair) on simulated SST, we conducted three analyses using the Haney flux linearization formula. Results from these assessments did not indicate any direct influence on the model-simulated SSTs by Tair. Looking at the heat flux as a signature for SST showed that both averaged spatial distribution and time series of net heat flux produced by the three CGRF forcing simulations were higher than the net heat flux generated by the CORE 2 simulation. This was generally true for all four components of the total heat flux (sensible, latent, shortwave, and longwave) individually as well. Total heat flux in summer is governed by the shortwave heat flux, with values up to 120 W m−2 in August, and the longwave heat flux is the main contributor to the total heat flux differences. These heat flux differences lead to corresponding colder model SSTs for the CGRF runs and warmer SSTs for the CORE 2 simulations.

中文翻译：

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使用体热通量参数化对哈德逊湾综合体中的海面温度 (SST) 进行建模：对大气强迫的敏感性和模型分辨率

摘要 分析来自欧洲海洋建模 (NEMO) 模型模拟的四个核心的海面温度 (SST)，以研究体通量参数化，以计算哈德逊湾综合体 (HBC) 夏季（8 月和 9 月）的 SST 2002 年至 2009 年。 NEMO 模拟被迫使用两个不同分辨率的大气强迫集：协调海冰参考实验第 2 版 (COREv2) 作为较低分辨率，加拿大气象中心的全球确定性预测系统重新预测 (CGRF) 作为分辨率越高。CGRF 强迫也在第三次和第四次运行中使用不同的径流数据和不同的 NEMO 分辨率（1/12° 对 1/4°）实施。结果表明，所有四个建模的 SST 都遵循观察到的 SST 模式，具有不同大气强迫的模拟之间 SST 偏差的区域差异。使用相同的大气强迫但具有不同模型分辨率或径流的模拟之间的 SST 差异很小。这意味着模型分辨率和径流对 HBC 中模拟的 SST 影响很小。此外，为了更好地捕捉近地表温度 (Tair) 对模拟 SST 的影响，我们使用 Haney 通量线性化公式进行了三项分析。这些评估的结果并未表明 Tair 对模型模拟的 SST 有任何直接影响。将热通量视为 SST 的特征表明，三个 CGRF 强迫模拟产生的净热通量的平均空间分布和时间序列均高于 CORE 2 模拟产生的净热通量。对于总热通量的所有四个分量（显热、潜热、短波和长波），这通常也是如此。夏季的总热通量受短波热通量的支配，8 月份的值高达 120 W m-2，长波热通量是总热通量差异的主要贡献者。这些热通量差异导致 CGRF 运行的相应模型 SST 更冷，而 CORE 2 模拟的 SST 更暖。