ABSTRACT Understanding how human presence influences animal behavior, specifically the behavior of nonhuman primates, has important implications for methodology in cognitive and behavioral studies, for our understanding of human–animal relationships and for animal welfare in captive settings. Conducted in the San Diego Zoo, this study partially replicates an existing study on human–animal relationships, which focused on familiarity effects on the human-directed behavior of great apes residing in the Toronto Zoo. Such a replication in a new location and with different individuals is necessary to expand sample size and to better understand how ontogeny and living environment influence human-directed ape behavior. All-occurrence sampling of human-directed behavior was used to gather data on two gorilla groups and one orangutan group, all housed at the San Diego Zoo. The aim was to compare ape-initiated behaviors toward zoo staff with apeinitiated visitor-directed behavior, in accordance with predictions of the Human–Animal Relationship (HAR) model. Overall, human-directed behaviors were more frequent toward visitors than toward staff, mainly caused by increased visitor-directed visual behavior, specifically brief glances. Given that visual monitoring has been seen as fearful behavior, potentially related to predator monitoring, this would confirm the expectation that lack of familiarity will lead to increased visual vigilance. However, the visitor-directed visual behaviors may not be antagonistic or fearful. Considering the specific behaviors and exhibit designs, curiosity may be an equally likely explanation in this context. Aiming to also understand whether these groups exhibited species differences in human-directed behavior, it was found that orangutans engaged in more affiliative behavior overall than gorillas. Comparing our results with the previous study, we conclude that while effects of familiarity are present, those effects are modulated by both individual ontogeny and exhibit design. While the HAR model is partially supported, additional factors may need to be included to fully interpret the observed behavior. Additional research is needed to further understand the effects of species, sex, and ontogeny on the predictions of the HAR model.

中文翻译：

---

动物园环境中的人猿互动：大猩猩和猩猩根据人类的熟悉程度改变它们的行为

摘要 了解人类的存在如何影响动物行为，特别是非人类灵长类动物的行为，对于认知和行为研究的方法论、我们对人与动物关系的理解以及圈养环境中的动物福利具有重要意义。该研究在圣地亚哥动物园进行，部分复制了现有的人与动物关系研究，该研究侧重于对居住在多伦多动物园的类人猿的人类导向行为的熟悉影响。这种在新地点和不同个体的复制对于扩大样本量和更好地了解个体发育和生活环境如何影响人类导向的猿类行为是必要的。人类定向行为的所有发生抽样用于收集两个大猩猩组和一个猩猩组的数据，全部安置在圣地亚哥动物园。目的是根据人与动物关系 (HAR) 模型的预测，比较猿对动物园工作人员的行为与猿对游客的引导行为。总体而言，与员工相比，人为导向的行为更频繁地出现在访客面前，这主要是由于访客导向的视觉行为（特别是短暂的一瞥）增加所致。鉴于视觉监控已被视为可怕的行为，可能与捕食者监控有关，这将证实缺乏熟悉将导致视觉警惕性增加的预期。然而，访客导向的视觉行为可能不是对抗性或恐惧性的。考虑到具体的行为和展览设计，在这种情况下，好奇心可能是同样可能的解释。还旨在了解这些群体是否在人类导向的行为中表现出物种差异，发现猩猩比大猩猩总体上从事更多的从属行为。将我们的结果与之前的研究进行比较，我们得出结论，虽然存在熟悉的影响，但这些影响受个体个体发育和展览设计的调节。虽然部分支持 HAR 模型，但可能需要包括其他因素以完全解释观察到的行为。需要进一步研究以进一步了解物种、性别和个体发育对 HAR 模型预测的影响。我们得出的结论是，虽然存在熟悉的影响，但这些影响受到个体个体发育和展览设计的调节。虽然部分支持 HAR 模型，但可能需要包括其他因素以完全解释观察到的行为。需要进一步研究以进一步了解物种、性别和个体发育对 HAR 模型预测的影响。我们得出的结论是，虽然存在熟悉的影响，但这些影响受到个体个体发育和展览设计的调节。虽然部分支持 HAR 模型，但可能需要包括其他因素以完全解释观察到的行为。需要进一步研究以进一步了解物种、性别和个体发育对 HAR 模型预测的影响。