We study cooperation between the airline and high-speed rail (HSR) sectors by formulating their joint profit as a maximization problem using a multinomial logit choice model in a three-node setting. We allow the non-purchase option as an outside option available to consumers. The demand for each choice is not only a function of the price but also the service quality, such as the total trip time, frequency of service, and ease of connecting from the hub to a nearby HSR station. As a result, the following findings are presented. First, regardless of the service quality of either sector and the non-purchase option, cooperation decreases the total volume of the domestic market of a country. Second, when the attractiveness of the outside option is high, the HSR and air sectors can prevent a large reduction in the total volume by cooperation in the connecting market. However, this is not the case in the domestic market. Third, if the non-purchase quality in the domestic market is high, then cooperation increases the social welfare of the whole market. If the non-purchase quality is low, then cooperation increases the welfare of the whole market only in cases where the number of potential customers in the connecting market is relatively large. We also show the effect of improving air–rail service quality on each market share and on the total profit.

中文翻译：

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非购买选择下的高铁与航空运输合作分析

我们通过在三节点环境中使用多项式logit选择模型将它们的共同利润表述为最大化问题，来研究航空和高铁（HSR）部门之间的合作。我们允许非购买选项作为可供消费者使用的外部选项。对每种选择的需求不仅取决于价格，还取决于服务质量，例如总行程时间，服务频率以及从集线器到附近的HSR站的连接便利性。结果，提出了以下发现。首先，无论任何一个部门的服务质量和非购买选项，合作都会减少一个国家国内市场的总量。其次，当外部选择的吸引力很高时，高铁和航空部门可以通过在关联市场中进行合作来防止总量的大幅减少。但是，在国内市场并非如此。第三，如果国内市场的非购买质量很高，那么合作会增加整个市场的社会福利。如果非购买质量低下，则只有在关联市场中潜在客户数量相对较大的情况下，合作才能增加整个市场的福利。我们还显示了改善空运服务质量对每个市场份额和总利润的影响。然后，只有在关联市场中潜在客户数量相对较大的情况下，合作才能增加整个市场的福利。我们还显示了改善空运服务质量对每个市场份额和总利润的影响。然后，只有在关联市场中潜在客户数量相对较大的情况下，合作才能增加整个市场的福利。我们还显示了改善空运服务质量对每个市场份额和总利润的影响。