The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology have given us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plants may encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinct domains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided by advancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized. Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasis control. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing on the mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.

中文翻译：

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植物 NLR：植物免疫的告密者


植物病害的研究几乎与农业本身一样古老。分子生物学的进步使我们对植物免疫系统及其如何检测植物可能遇到的许多病原体有了更深入的了解。植物抗性 (R) 蛋白主要家族的成员 NLR 包含三个不同的结构域，并且似乎使用几种不同的机制来识别病原体效应子并触发免疫。结构研究的进步极大地帮助了理解 NLR 识别和激活的分子过程，ZAR1 最近成为第一个可视化的全长 NLR。遗传和生化分析确定了 NLR 激活和稳态控制的许多关键成分。对辅助 NLR 的研究增多也为了解 NLR 的下游信号通路提供了见解。这篇综述总结了过去几十年植物 NLR 研究的进展，重点关注已取得的机制理解。