Primary production (PP) is a fundamental ecosystem function that influences several ecosystem services. However, little is known about how changes in landscape structure resulting from agricultural expansion affects forest and cropland production. We investigated the effect of landscape composition and configuration on the PP of forests and sugarcane crops in an old agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Using satellite images and a comprehensive dataset of vegetation indices that are proxies of PP (NDVI and EVI), we sampled 1201-km² landscapes during the rainy and dry seasons of 2011–2016. In each landscape we quantified the indices, the percentage of sugarcane crops, the density of forest edges, and the number of forest patches. The NDVI and EVI of the entire landscape were negatively influenced by the percentage of croplands in both seasons and weakly affected by edge density and number of forest patches. When analyzing the NDVI of forests and croplands separately, both were negatively affected by the percentage of croplands. This indicates that forests and croplands are less productive in more deforested landscapes. The spatial variability of NDVI and EVI within the landscapes, estimated with coefficients of variation, was not affected by landscape attributes. Our findings indicate that landscape composition (i.e. forest cover) is more important than spatial configuration in determining the PP of forest and sugarcane crops, reinforcing the need to conserve forests in agricultural landscapes. We recommend reducing deforestation, restoring abandoned fields, protecting forest remnants and avoiding forest fragmentation to sustain more productive environmental-friendly agricultural landscapes.

初级生产（PP）是影响若干生态系统服务的基本生态系统功能。然而，人们对农业扩张引起的景观结构变化如何影响森林和农田生产知之甚少。我们调查了景观组成和配置对巴西大西洋森林的一个古老农业疆域中森林和甘蔗作物的PP的影响。利用卫星图像和作为PP代表的植被指数（NDVI和EVI）的综合数据集，我们采样了1201公里²2011-2016年雨季和旱季的自然景观。在每个景观中，我们量化了指标，甘蔗作物的百分比，森林边缘的密度以及森林斑块的数量。整个景观的NDVI和EVI均受到两个季节耕地百分比的负面影响，而受边缘密度和森林斑块数量的影响较小。分别分析森林和农田的NDVI时，两者都受到农田百分比的负面影响。这表明森林和农田在森林砍伐程度较高的地区生产力较低。用变异系数估算的景观内NDVI和EVI的空间变异性不受景观属性的影响。我们的发现表明景观构成（即 森林覆盖率）在确定森林和甘蔗作物的PP方面比空间配置更为重要，从而增强了在农业景观中保护森林的必要性。我们建议减少森林砍伐，恢复荒地，保护森林残余物和避免森林破碎化，以维持更具生产力的环境友好型农业景观。