Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous electromagnetic explosions in the Universe, which emit up to $8.8\times10^{54}$ erg isotropic equivalent energy in the hard X-ray band. The high luminosity makes them detectable out to the largest distances yet explored in the Universe. GRBs, as bright beacons in the deep Universe, would be the ideal tool to probe the properties of high-redshift universe: including the cosmic expansion and dark energy, star formation rate, the reionization epoch and the metal enrichment history of the Universe. In this article, we review the luminosity correlations of GRBs, and implications for constraining the cosmological parameters and dark energy. Observations show that the progenitors of long GRBs are massive stars. So it is expected that long GRBs are tracers of star formation rate. We also review the high-redshift star formation rate derived from GRBs, and implications for the cosmic reionization history. The afterglows of GRBs generally have broken power-law spectra, so it is possible to extract intergalactic medium (IGM) absorption features. We also present the capability of high-redshift GRBs to probe the pre-galactic metal enrichment and the first stars.

中文翻译：

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伽马射线暴宇宙学

伽马射线暴 (GRB) 是宇宙中最明亮的电磁爆炸，它在硬 X 射线波段发出高达 $8.8\times10^{54}$ erg 的各向同性等效能量。高光度使它们可以在宇宙中迄今为止探索过的最远距离处被探测到。伽马暴作为宇宙深处明亮的灯塔，将是探索高红移宇宙特性的理想工具：包括宇宙膨胀和暗能量、恒星形成率、再电离时代和宇宙金属富集历史。在本文中，我们回顾了 GRB 的光度相关性，以及对限制宇宙学参数和暗能量的影响。观测表明，长伽玛暴的前身是大质量恒星。因此，预计长伽玛暴是恒星形成率的示踪剂。我们还回顾了源自 GRB 的高红移恒星形成率，以及对宇宙再电离历史的影响。伽马暴的余辉通常具有破幂律谱，因此可以提取星系际介质（IGM）吸收特征。我们还展示了高红移 GRB 探测银河系前金属富集和第一颗恒星的能力。