Since the introduction of prospect theory, reference-dependence and loss-aversion have become widely acknowledged as important elements affecting decision-making. Nevertheless, establishing and determining reference frames are not extensively analyzed in the literature; rather, in most applications, it is simply assumed that the reference frames can be represented through the status quo. This assumption, however, may lead to biased results, as not only the status quo affects reference frames, but also previous experiences or expectations, among many others.

中文翻译：

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估计参考系：用于非补偿性避免损失决策的平滑二阶微分效用函数

自从引入前景理论以来，参考依赖和损失规避已被广泛认为是影响决策的重要因素。然而，文献中没有广泛地分析建立和确定参考框架。相反，在大多数应用中，仅假设参考帧可以通过现状表示。但是，这种假设可能会导致结果有偏差，因为不仅现状会影响参考框架，而且还会影响以前的经验或期望等。