Industry 4.0 envisions a fully automated manufacturing environment, in which computerized manufacturing equipment—Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)—performs all tasks. These machines are open to a variety of cyber and cyber-physical attacks, including sabotage. In the manufacturing context, sabotage attacks aim to damage equipment or degrade a manufactured part’s mechanical properties. In this paper, we focus on the latter, specifically for composite materials. Composite material parts are predominantly used in safety-critical systems, e.g., as load-bearing parts of aircraft. Further, we distinguish between the methods to compromise various manufacturing equipment, and the malicious manipulations that will sabotage a part. As the research literature has numerous examples of the former, in this paper we assume that the equipment is already compromised; our discussion is solely on manipulations.

We develop a simulation approach to designing sabotage attacks against composite material parts. The attack can be optimized by two criteria, minimizing the “footprint” of manipulations. We simulate two optimal attacks against the design of a spar, a load bearing component of an airplane wing. Our simulation identifies the minimal manipulations needed to degrade its strength to three desired levels, as well as the resulting failure characteristics. Last but not least, we outline an approach to identifying sabotaged parts.

工业4.0设想了一个完全自动化的制造环境，在该环境中，计算机制造设备（网络物理系统（CPS））将执行所有任务。这些机器对包括破坏活动在内的各种网络和网络物理攻击开放。在制造方面，破坏攻击旨在损坏设备或降低制造零件的机械性能。在本文中，我们将重点放在后者上，特别是对于复合材料。复合材料零件主要用于对安全要求严格的系统中，例如作为飞机的承重零件。此外，我们区分破坏各种制造设备的方法与破坏零件的恶意操作。由于研究文献中有许多关于前者的例子，因此在本文中，我们假设设备已经受到损害；我们的讨论仅涉及操纵。

我们开发了一种仿真方法来设计针对复合材料零件的破坏攻击。可以通过两个标准来优化攻击，以最小化操作的“足迹”。我们针对翼梁（飞机机翼的承重组件）的设计模拟了两种最佳攻击方式。我们的仿真确定了将其强度降至三个所需水平所需的最少操作，以及由此产生的故障特征。最后但并非最不重要的一点是，我们概述了一种识别破坏部分的方法。