Orchid origin and evolution are common topics in evolutionary biology. Orchidaceae have approximately 30 000 orchid species distributed in diverse habitats and account for approximately 10% of the flowering plant species worldwide. Orchids provide us with materials to explore coevolution and organic evolution. In this review, we highlighted the genome study progress of orchids. In addition, we revealed the role of MADS-box gene families in the floral morphology and evolution of orchids. Genomics studies confirmed that all five subfamilies of existing orchids evolved from a common ancestor. Loss of Mβ MADS-box genes resulted in the endosperm from the seed of all existing orchids being absent. Perianth reversion to the ancestral state occurred because Apostasia and Apostasioideae lost B-AP3 and E class paralogous genes. Loss of P-subclade members of MIKC*-Type in Phalaenopsis equestris, Dendrobium catenatum, and Epidendroideae caused the formation of pollinium. In addition, the combined loss of AGL12 and contraction of ANR1 gave orchids the ability to be successfully epiphytic on trees or rocks and to develop a unique root system. Both pollinium and epiphytic production on trees are beneficial for orchid adaptations, and Epidendroideae evolved more species (∼ 20 000) than Apostasioideae (16 species). Genome studies shed new light on determining the evolutionary history of orchids and understanding the genetic mechanisms of orchid morphological evolution.

兰花的起源和进化是进化生物学中的常见主题。兰科大约有3万种兰花分布在不同的生境中，约占全世界开花植物物种的10％。兰花为我们提供了探索协同进化和有机进化的材料。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了兰花的基因组研究进展。此外，我们揭示了MADS-box基因家族在花卉形态和兰花进化中的作用。基因组学研究证实，现有兰花的所有五个亚科均起源于同一祖先。MβMADS-box基因的丢失导致所有现有兰花种子的胚乳缺失。花被恢复到祖先的状态是因为高教和Apostasioideae丢失了B-AP3和E类旁系同源基因。蝴蝶兰，铁皮石end和表皮亚科中MIKC *型P子成员的丢失导致了花粉的形成。此外，AGL12的损失和ANR1的收缩共同使兰花能够成功地在树或岩石上附生，并形成独特的根系。树木上的授粉和附生植物均有利于兰花的适应，并且表皮植物进化出的物种（约2万）比菊科（16种）更多。基因组研究为确定兰花的进化史和了解兰花形态进化的遗传机制提供了新的思路。