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A spatial-statistical investigation of surface expressions associated with cyclic steaming in the Midway-Sunset Oil Field, California
Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-28 , DOI: 10.1007/s40948-020-00142-4
Ahinoam Pollack , Tapan Mukerji , Pengcheng Fu , Don Nelson , Bill Bartling , Michael Toland , Andy Lopez , Rod Guice

In the Midway Sunset Oil Field in Central California, operators inject steam into the shallow diatomite formation to enhance heavy oil recovery through imbibition, wettability alteration, and viscosity reduction, among other mechanisms. The injected steam, however, does not always remain in the reservoir or return through the wells. In two zones in the study area, the steam comes out at the surface, creating sinkholes, seeps, and steam outlets. These phenomena, called “surface expressions,” pose safety and environmental hazards. Even though these surface expressions are a widespread problem in Central California, they are not well documented and understood. Possible causes of the surface expressions include: high injection pressure, structurally controlled flow patterns, leakage of steam through old improperly abandoned wells, high injection volumes, or flow along naturally occurring faults, among other possible factors. This study examines attributes of the zones with surface expressions in order to determine factors that may contribute to their occurrence. Spatial statistical analysis using logistic regression, random forests, and classification trees is used to explore the relationship between the surface expressions and geological and production-related attributes. The results point to a significant spatial correlation between the surface expressions and two predictors: concentration of plugged wells and geologic seal thickness. The results guide follow-up studies to further investigate the role of well abandonment and seal thickness in the occurrence of surface expressions.

中文翻译:

加利福尼亚州中途日落油田与循环汽化有关的表面表达的空间统计研究

在加利福尼亚中部的中途日落油田,操作员将蒸汽注入浅层硅藻土地层,以通过吸收,改变润湿性和降低粘度等方法来提高重油采收率。然而,注入的蒸汽并不总是保留在储层中或通过井返回。在研究区域的两个区域中,蒸汽从地表散发出来,形成了下沉孔,渗水和蒸汽出口。这些现象称为“表面表情”,对安全和环境构成危害。尽管这些表面表情在中加州是一个普遍存在的问题,但它们并没有得到很好的记录和理解。产生表面表情的可能原因包括:高注入压力,结构受控的流型,蒸汽通过不适当废弃的旧井漏出,除其他可能的因素外,高的注入量,或沿自然断裂产生的流动。这项研究检查了具有表面表达的区域的属性,以确定可能导致其发生的因素。使用逻辑回归,随机森林和分类树进行空间统计分析,以探索地表表达与地质和生产相关属性之间的关系。结果表明,地表表达式与两个预测因子之间存在显着的空间相关性:堵井的浓度和地质封层厚度。结果指导后续研究,以进一步研究井壁遗弃和密封厚度在表面表达发生中的作用。这项研究检查了具有表面表达的区域的属性,以确定可能导致其发生的因素。使用逻辑回归,随机森林和分类树进行空间统计分析,以探索地表表达与地质和生产相关属性之间的关系。结果表明,地表表达式与两个预测因子之间存在显着的空间相关性:堵井的浓度和地质封层厚度。结果指导后续研究,以进一步研究井壁遗弃和密封厚度在表面表达发生中的作用。这项研究检查了具有表面表达的区域的属性,以确定可能导致其发生的因素。使用逻辑回归,随机森林和分类树进行空间统计分析,以探索地表表达与地质和生产相关属性之间的关系。结果表明,地表表达式与两个预测因子之间存在显着的空间相关性:堵井的浓度和地质封层厚度。结果指导后续研究,以进一步研究井壁遗弃和密封厚度在表面表达发生中的作用。随机森林和分类树用于探索地表表情与地质和生产相关属性之间的关系。结果表明,地表表达式与两个预测因子之间存在显着的空间相关性:堵井的浓度和地质封层厚度。结果指导后续研究,以进一步研究井壁遗弃和密封厚度在表面表达发生中的作用。随机森林和分类树用于探索地表表情与地质和生产相关属性之间的关系。结果表明,地表表达式与两个预测因子之间存在显着的空间相关性:堵井的浓度和地质封层厚度。结果指导后续研究,以进一步研究井壁遗弃和密封厚度在表面表达发生中的作用。
更新日期:2020-01-28
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