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Temporal, spatial, and genetic regulation of external genitalia development
Differentiation ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.08.003
Meade Haller , Liang Ma

Fertilization requires the physical combination of gametes, and terrestrial mammals necessitated the evolution of genitalia capable of successfully completing the fertilization process in a non-aqueous environment. Thus, the male mammalian external genitalia evolved as an outgrowth from the body, an appendage sufficient to fertilize eggs housed deep inside the female. In this way, sexual dimorphism of mammalian genitalia became highly pronounced. This highly complex evolutionary divergence both from aqueous fertilization, as well as divergence between the sexes of terrestrial mammals, required exquisitely coordinated, novel patterns of gene expression to regulate the spatial and temporal events governing external genitalia development. Recent studies delineating the genetic regulation of external genitalia development, largely focusing on development of the murine genital tubercle, have vastly enlightened the field of reproductive developmental biology. Murine homologs of human genes have been selectively deleted in the mouse, either in the whole body or using tissue-specific and temporally-specific genetic drivers. The defects in outgrowth and urethral tubularization subsequent to the deletion of specific genes in the developing murine external genitalia delineates which genes are required in which compartments and at what times. This review details how these murine genetic models have created a somewhat modest but rapidly growing library of knowledge detailing the spatial-temporal genetic regulation of external genitalia development.



中文翻译:

外生殖器发育的时间,空间和遗传调控

受精需要配子的物理结合,而陆生哺乳动物则需要生殖器的进化,以便能够在非水环境中成功完成受精过程。因此,雄性哺乳动物的外生殖器从体内向外生长,是足以使雌性内部深处的卵受精的附肢。这样,哺乳动物生殖器的性二态性变得非常明显。这种来自水肥的高度复杂的进化分歧,以及陆地哺乳动物性别之间的分歧,都需要精确协调的新颖基因表达模式来调节控制外部生殖器发育的时空事件。最近的研究描述了外生殖器发育的遗传调控,在很大程度上侧重于小鼠生殖器官的发育,极大地启发了生殖发育生物学领域。人类基因的鼠类同源物已在小鼠体内被选择性删除,无论是在全身还是使用组织特异性和时间特异性遗传驱动因子。在发育中的鼠的外部生殖器中特定基因缺失之后,在向外生长和尿道肾小管化中的缺陷描述了在哪个隔室和什么时间需要哪些基因。这篇综述详细介绍了这些鼠类遗传模型如何建立了一个适度但迅速增长的知识库,详细描述了外生殖器发育的时空遗传调控。人类基因的鼠类同源物已在小鼠体内被选择性删除,无论是在全身还是使用组织特异性和时间特异性遗传驱动因子。在发育中的鼠的外部生殖器中特定基因缺失之后,在向外生长和尿道肾小管化中的缺陷描述了在哪个隔室和什么时间需要哪些基因。这篇综述详细介绍了这些鼠类遗传模型如何建立了一个适度但迅速增长的知识库,详细描述了外生殖器发育的时空遗传调控。人类基因的鼠类同源物已在小鼠体内被选择性删除,无论是在全身还是使用组织特异性和时间特异性遗传驱动因子。在发育中的鼠体外生殖器中特定基因缺失之后,在向外生长和尿道肾小管化中的缺陷描述了在哪个隔室和什么时间需要哪些基因。这篇综述详细介绍了这些鼠类遗传模型如何建立了一个适度但迅速增长的知识库,详细描述了外生殖器发育的时空遗传调控。在发育中的鼠体外生殖器中特定基因缺失之后,在向外生长和尿道肾小管化中的缺陷描述了在哪个隔室和什么时间需要哪些基因。这篇综述详细介绍了这些鼠类遗传模型如何建立了一个适度但迅速增长的知识库,详细描述了外生殖器发育的时空遗传调控。在发育中的鼠的外部生殖器中特定基因缺失之后,在向外生长和尿道肾小管化中的缺陷描述了在哪个隔室和什么时间需要哪些基因。这篇综述详细介绍了这些鼠类遗传模型如何建立了一个适度但迅速增长的知识库,详细描述了外生殖器发育的时空遗传调控。

更新日期:2019-09-10
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