Engineered nanoparticles have generated significant public and scientific excitement due to their unique physical, chemical and electrical properties, which have led to their application in a wide variety of industries. Among all these, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles which are utilised in a significant quantity of consumer products, such as reinforced concrete, plastics, sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their fast-track use, CNPs constitute a potential risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. Toxic effects of CNPs have been observed on the human body as well as the environment; therefore, their release and distribution into the environment has become an important topic of concern. Hence, it is essential to improve the current understanding of CNP transportation and retention into porous media. Several studies have investigated CNP mobility in packed sand columns under water-saturated conditions. This study reviews a significant number of studies which have found that CNP mobility is sensitive to a diversity of experimental conditions, including physical conditions (collector grain size, pore water velocity) and solution chemistry (ionic strength, pH). Further work should be done to understand the pattern of CNP mobility into subsurface environments considering realistic scenarios at field scale.

中文翻译：

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工程碳基纳米颗粒在多孔介质中的迁移性研究进展

工程纳米颗粒由于其独特的物理，化学和电学性质而引起了公众和科学界的极大兴趣，从而使其在各种行业中得到了应用。其中，碳纳米颗粒（CNP）是广泛生产的纳米颗粒，可用于大量消费产品，例如钢筋混凝土，塑料，体育用品，电子产品和生物医学应用。由于CNP的快速使用，如果将它们释放到土壤和地下水系统中，将构成潜在的风险。人们已经观察到CNP对人体和环境的毒性作用。因此，它们的释放和散发到环境中已成为人们关注的重要话题。因此，必须提高当前对CNP在多孔介质中的运输和保留的了解。数项研究已经研究了饱和水条件下填充沙柱中CNP的流动性。这项研究回顾了大量的研究，这些研究发现CNP迁移率对多种实验条件敏感，包括物理条件（收集器粒径，孔隙水速度）和溶液化学（离子强度，pH）。考虑到现场规模的实际情况，应做进一步的工作以了解CNP进入地下环境的迁移方式。这项研究回顾了大量的研究，这些研究发现CNP迁移率对多种实验条件敏感，包括物理条件（收集器粒径，孔隙水速度）和溶液化学（离子强度，pH）。考虑到现场规模的实际情况，应做进一步的工作以了解CNP进入地下环境的迁移方式。这项研究回顾了大量的研究，这些研究发现CNP迁移率对多种实验条件敏感，包括物理条件（收集器粒径，孔隙水速度）和溶液化学（离子强度，pH）。考虑到现场规模的实际情况，应做进一步的工作以了解CNP进入地下环境的迁移方式。