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Trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations across the United States
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-18 , DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00710b Senne Michielssen 1, 2, 3 , Matthew C. Vedrin 3, 4, 5, 6 , Seth D. Guikema 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-18 , DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00710b Senne Michielssen 1, 2, 3 , Matthew C. Vedrin 3, 4, 5, 6 , Seth D. Guikema 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Affiliation
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This study analyzed temporal trends in health-based drinking water quality violations, and both temporal and geographic trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations for U.S. public water systems. We especially focused on microbiological regulations that apply to all public water systems, i.e., the total coliform rule (TCR), which became effective in 1990, and its successor, the revised total coliform rule (RTCR), which was implemented in 2016. By using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Safe Drinking Water Information System, we determined that changes in regulations greatly impacted temporal trends in health-based violations. TCR health-based violations were the most common type of health-based violation, partly because the TCR required more monitoring than any other regulation and was one of the few rules that applied to transient non-community water systems, which make up a large fraction of all public water systems and often have limited resources. As expected by the U.S. EPA, the implementation of the RTCR caused an immediate decrease in the number of health-based violations due to specific changes in what constitutes a health-based violation under the RTCR versus the TCR. The number and severity of health-based coliform violations varied with system size and type, and this imbalance was exacerbated under the RTCR. Notably, while very small public water systems and transient non-community water systems already had more violations per system than their counterparts, this disparity was amplified upon adoption of the RTCR. Geographic analyses showed that the Great Lakes region had high numbers of total health-based coliform violations. While fewer data exist to analyze violations normalized by the number of systems, an initial exploration of health-based coliform violations per system resulted in different geographic patterns. We conclude with a discussion of the potential benefits of future predictive modeling to identify public water systems that would benefit from technical and financial assistance to improve their water quality.
中文翻译：
全美国违反微生物饮用水水质的趋势
这项研究分析了基于健康的饮用水水质违规的时间趋势，以及针对美国公共水系统的微生物饮用水水质违规的时间和地理趋势。我们特别关注适用于所有公共供水系统的微生物法规，即，总大肠菌群规则（TCR）（于1990年生效）以及其后继版本，即修订的总大肠菌群规则（RTCR）（于2016年实施）。通过使用美国环境保护局（EPA）的安全饮用水信息在系统中，我们确定法规的变化极大地影响了基于健康的违规行为的时间趋势。TCR基于健康的违规行为是最常见的基于健康的违规行为，部分原因是TCR比其他任何法规都需要更多的监控，并且是适用于瞬态非社区供水系统的少数规则之一，这构成了很大一部分所有公共供水系统中的资源，而且通常资源有限。如美国EPA所预期，与TCR。基于健康的大肠菌群违规的数量和严重程度随系统规模和类型的不同而变化，RTCR加剧了这种失衡。值得注意的是，虽然很小的公共供水系统和过渡性非公共供水系统的每个系统的违规情况已经超过其对应系统，但这种差异在采用RTCR后得到了扩大。地理分析表明，五大湖地区的基于健康的大肠菌总数总体上很高。虽然分析系统数量归一化的违规现象的数据较少，但对每个系统基于健康的大肠菌群违规行为的初步探索导致了不同的地理模式。
更新日期：2020-09-21
中文翻译：
全美国违反微生物饮用水水质的趋势
这项研究分析了基于健康的饮用水水质违规的时间趋势，以及针对美国公共水系统的微生物饮用水水质违规的时间和地理趋势。我们特别关注适用于所有公共供水系统的微生物法规，即，总大肠菌群规则（TCR）（于1990年生效）以及其后继版本，即修订的总大肠菌群规则（RTCR）（于2016年实施）。通过使用美国环境保护局（EPA）的安全饮用水信息在系统中，我们确定法规的变化极大地影响了基于健康的违规行为的时间趋势。TCR基于健康的违规行为是最常见的基于健康的违规行为，部分原因是TCR比其他任何法规都需要更多的监控，并且是适用于瞬态非社区供水系统的少数规则之一，这构成了很大一部分所有公共供水系统中的资源，而且通常资源有限。如美国EPA所预期，与TCR。基于健康的大肠菌群违规的数量和严重程度随系统规模和类型的不同而变化，RTCR加剧了这种失衡。值得注意的是，虽然很小的公共供水系统和过渡性非公共供水系统的每个系统的违规情况已经超过其对应系统，但这种差异在采用RTCR后得到了扩大。地理分析表明，五大湖地区的基于健康的大肠菌总数总体上很高。虽然分析系统数量归一化的违规现象的数据较少，但对每个系统基于健康的大肠菌群违规行为的初步探索导致了不同的地理模式。
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