STUDY OBJECTIVES Stigmatized youth experience poorer sleep than those who have not experienced stigma. However, no studies have examined the sleep of gender minority adolescents (GMAs). Examining sleep disparities between GMAs and non-gender minority adolescents (non-GMAs) is critical, since poor sleep is associated with mental health outcomes experienced disproportionately by GMAs. We examined sleep duration, sleep problems, and sleep quality among our sample and compared these parameters between GMAs and non-GMAs. METHODS Adolescents aged 14-18 (n=1027 GMA, n=329 heterosexual non-GMA, n=415 sexual minority non-GMA; mean age=16y; 83% female sex at birth) completed a cross-sectional online survey, reporting sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, sleep duration, sleep problems (too much/too little sleep, and inadequate sleep), sleep quality, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Accounting for demographic covariates, GMAs were more likely to report inadequate sleep and shorter sleep duration and had higher odds of reporting poor sleep quality and getting too little/too much sleep than heterosexual non-GMAs. After also adjusting for depressive symptoms, the finding that GMAs more often reported poor sleep quality remained significant. CONCLUSIONS This first large, nationwide survey of sleep among GMAs suggests that GMAs may be more likely to have poor sleep than non-GMAs. The significance of our results was reduced when adjusting for depressive symptoms, suggesting that poorer sleep may occur in the context of depression for GMAs. Future work should include objective measures of sleep, examine the emergence of sleep disparities among GMAs and non-GMAs, and explore pathways that increase risk for poor sleep among GMAs.

中文翻译：

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性别少数青少年的睡眠

研究目标 受污名化的青少年比没有受过污名化的青少年睡眠质量更差。然而，没有研究检查过性别少数族裔青少年 (GMA) 的睡眠。检查 GMA 和非性别少数族裔青少年 (non-GMA) 之间的睡眠差异至关重要，因为睡眠不足与 GMA 不成比例地经历的心理健康结果有关。我们检查了样本中的睡眠持续时间、睡眠问题和睡眠质量，并比较了 GMA 和非 GMA 之间的这些参数。方法 14-18 岁的青少年（n=1027 GMA，n=329 异性恋非 GMA，n=415 性少数非 GMA；平均年龄=16 岁；83% 出生时女性性别）完成了一项横断面在线调查，报告出生时分配的性别和当前的性别认同、睡眠时间、睡眠问题（睡眠过多/过少和睡眠不足），睡眠质量和抑郁症状。结果 考虑到人口统计学协变量，与异性恋非 GMA 相比，GMA 更有可能报告睡眠不足和睡眠时间较短，并且报告睡眠质量差和睡眠过少/过多的几率更高。在调整了抑郁症状后，GMA 报告睡眠质量差的发现仍然很重要。结论 这是第一项针对 GMA 的全国性大型睡眠调查表明，GMA 可能比非 GMA 更可能睡眠不佳。在调整抑郁症状时，我们的结果的重要性降低了，这表明 GMA 在抑郁的背景下可能会出现较差的睡眠。未来的工作应包括对睡眠的客观测量，检查 GMA 和非 GMA 之间睡眠差异的出现，