Some coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses of human and veterinary medical importance. The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory symptoms coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), associated with the current global pandemic, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, and a cytokine storm in humans that has caused catastrophic impacts on public health worldwide. Coronaviruses are known for their ability to evade innate immune surveillance exerted by the host during the early phase of infection. It is important to comprehensively investigate the interaction between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and their hosts. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about coronaviruses with a focus on antiviral immune responses in the respiratory and intestinal tracts to infection with severe coronaviruses that have caused epidemic diseases in humans and domestic animals. We emphasize, in particular, the strategies used by these coronaviruses to circumvent host immune surveillance, mainly including the hijack of antigen-presenting cells, shielding RNA intermediates in replication organelles, 2′-O-methylation modification for the evasion of RNA sensors, and blocking of interferon signaling cascades. We also provide information about the potential development of coronavirus vaccines and antiviral drugs.

中文翻译：

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冠状病毒对抗病毒免疫应答的诱导及其规避。

一些冠状病毒是具有人类和兽医医学重要性的人畜共患病毒。新型冠状病毒是与当前全球大流行相关的严重急性呼吸系统症状冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2），其特征是肺炎，淋巴细胞减少和人类细胞因子风暴，已对全世界的公共卫生造成了灾难性的影响。冠状病毒以其逃避宿主在感染初期所施加的先天免疫监视的能力而闻名。全面研究高致病性冠状病毒与其宿主之间的相互作用非常重要。在这篇评论中 我们总结了有关冠状病毒的现有知识，重点是呼吸道和肠道对重度冠状病毒感染已引起人类和家畜流行疾病感染的抗病毒免疫反应。我们特别强调这些冠状病毒用于规避宿主免疫监视的策略，主要包括劫持抗原呈递细胞，屏蔽复制细胞器中的RNA中间体，用于逃避RNA传感器的2'-O-甲基化修饰以及干扰素信号级联反应的阻断。我们还提供有关冠状病毒疫苗和抗病毒药物潜在发展的信息。主要包括劫持抗原呈递细胞，屏蔽复制细胞器中的RNA中间体，用于逃避RNA传感器的2'-O-甲基化修饰以及干扰素信号级联反应的阻断。我们还提供有关冠状病毒疫苗和抗病毒药物潜在发展的信息。主要包括劫持抗原呈递细胞，屏蔽复制细胞器中的RNA中间体，用于逃避RNA传感器的2'-O-甲基化修饰以及干扰素信号级联反应的阻断。我们还提供有关冠状病毒疫苗和抗病毒药物潜在发展的信息。