Triceratops is one of the well-known Cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaurs. The ecology of Triceratops has been controversial because of its unique morphological features. However, arguments based on brain and inner ear structures have been scarce. In this study, two braincases (FPDM-V-9677 and FPDM-V-9775) were analyzed with computed tomography to generate three-dimensional virtual renderings of the endocasts of the cranial cavities and bony labyrinths. Quantitative analysis, including comparison of linear measurements of the degree of development of the olfactory bulb and inner ear, was performed on these virtual endocasts to acquire detailed neuroanatomical information. When compared with other dinosaurs, the olfactory bulb of Triceratops is relatively small, indicating that Triceratops had a reduced acuity in sense of smell. The lateral semicircular canal reveals that the basicranial axis of Triceratops is approximately 45° to the ground, which is an effective angle to display their horns as well as frill, and to graze. The semicircular canals of Triceratops are relatively smaller than those of primitive ceratopsians, such as Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops, suggesting that sensory input for the reflexive stabilization of gaze and posture of Triceratops was less developed than that of primitive ceratopsians. The cochlear length of Triceratops is relatively short when compared with other dinosaurs. Because cochlear length correlates with hearing frequency, Triceratops was likely adapted to hearing low frequencies.

中文翻译：

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角龙类恐龙三角龙的颅内解剖和感觉和运动功能的解释

三角龙是著名的白垩纪角龙类恐龙之一。三角龙的生态因其独特的形态特征而备受争议。然而，基于大脑和内耳结构的争论很少。在这项研究中，两个脑壳（FPDM-V-9677 和 FPDM-V-9775）用计算机断层扫描进行分析，以生成颅腔和骨迷路的内模的三维虚拟渲染。对这些虚拟内模进行定量分析，包括比较嗅球和内耳发育程度的线性测量，以获取详细的神经解剖学信息。与其他恐龙相比，三角龙的嗅球相对较小，说明三角龙的嗅觉敏锐度较低。侧半规管显示三角龙的颅基轴与地面呈约 45°，这是展示它们的角和褶边以及吃草的有效角度。三角龙的半规管比原始角龙类（如鹦鹉嘴龙和原角龙）的半规管相对较小，这表明三角龙用于反射性稳定凝视和姿势的感觉输入不如原始角龙类发达。与其他恐龙相比，三角龙的耳蜗长度相对较短。由于耳蜗长度与听力频率相关，三角龙很可能适应了低频听力。这是展示它们的角以及褶边和放牧的有效角度。三角龙的半规管比原始角龙类（如鹦鹉嘴龙和原角龙）的半规管相对较小，这表明三角龙用于反射性稳定凝视和姿势的感觉输入不如原始角龙类发达。与其他恐龙相比，三角龙的耳蜗长度相对较短。由于耳蜗长度与听力频率相关，三角龙很可能适应了低频听力。这是展示它们的角以及褶边和放牧的有效角度。三角龙的半规管比原始角龙类（如鹦鹉嘴龙和原角龙）的半规管相对较小，这表明三角龙用于反射性稳定凝视和姿势的感觉输入不如原始角龙类发达。与其他恐龙相比，三角龙的耳蜗长度相对较短。由于耳蜗长度与听力频率相关，三角龙很可能适应了低频听力。这表明三角龙的凝视和姿势的反射性稳定的感觉输入不如原始角龙的发达。与其他恐龙相比，三角龙的耳蜗长度相对较短。由于耳蜗长度与听力频率相关，三角龙很可能适应了低频听力。这表明三角龙的凝视和姿势的反射性稳定的感觉输入不如原始角龙的发达。与其他恐龙相比，三角龙的耳蜗长度相对较短。由于耳蜗长度与听力频率相关，三角龙很可能适应了低频听力。