Premise of research. Previous pollination ecology studies of Salvia have shown that there is low specialization for certain subgroups of bees and that pollinator number varies with species and locality. We studied 12 Salvia species (three clades with different corolla morphologies and staminal lever mechanisms) that in part co-occur and coflower to examine prezygotic isolation mechanisms and the degree of specialization versus generalization in pollination ecology. Methodology. Pollinators were identified using field observations, photos, and related literature across three sites in Turkey. Video documentation of the visitation rate and the site of pollen placement on the pollinator body, morphometric measurements between flowers and pollinators, flowering time, flower color, handling time, and stigma contact ratio were analyzed. Plant-pollinator networks were constructed. Pivotal results. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation occurs among sympatric Salvia species. A morphological fit is evident between flower tube length and the proboscis length of the main pollinators. Pollinator networks indicate that most species are ecological generalists and that only a few are specialists. Conclusions. The 12 Salvia species, though phenotypically and functionally specialized by their zygomorphic, bilabiate flowers and bee-pollination syndrome, differ in the degree of their ecological specialization. Most of the sympatric Salvia species tend to be ecologically generalized, with two or more main pollinators and a few additional secondary pollinators, while a few Salvia species are clearly specialized. Some floral traits (e.g., flower color, morphology, size, corolla tube length and width of the corolla tube entrance, type and size of the staminal lever mechanism, small numbers of flowers in the inflorescence), a short flowering time, and a small population size appear to be correlated with the degree of ecological specialization.

中文翻译：

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同域蜜蜂授粉丹参（唇形科）的授粉生态学、专业化和遗传分离

研究的前提。先前对鼠尾草的授粉生态学研究表明，某些蜜蜂亚群的专业化程度较低，授粉媒介数量因物种和地点而异。我们研究了 12 种丹参物种（具有不同花冠形态和雄蕊杠杆机制的三个进化枝），它们部分与共生花和 coflower 一起发生，以检查合子前的隔离机制以及授粉生态学中的专业化与泛化程度。方法。传粉者是通过实地观察、照片和土耳其三个地点的相关文献确定的。分析了访问率和花粉在传粉者身上的位置、花和传粉者之间的形态测量、开花时间、花色、处理时间和柱头接触率的视频文件。构建了植物传粉者网络。关键结果。同域鼠尾草物种之间发生机械、物候和行为学隔离。花管长度和主要传粉者的长鼻长度之间存在明显的形态匹配。传粉者网络表明，大多数物种是生态通才，只有少数是专家。结论。12 种鼠尾草虽然在表型和功能上因左右对称、双唇花和蜜蜂授粉综合征而特化，但它们的生态特化程度不同。大多数同域鼠尾草物种在生态上趋于泛化，有两个或多个主要传粉媒介和一些额外的次要传粉媒介，而一些鼠尾草物种显然是专门化的。一些花卉特征（例如，花的颜色、形态、大小、