In this study, the material and stability of 10 axial compression aluminum alloy columns are systematically tested at five temperatures. The material grade of the aluminum alloy used in the tests is 6082-T6. The experimental results demonstrate that flexural buckling occurs in all the column specimens under different temperature environments. A finite element (FE) model of the experiment is established, and the obtained results are compared with the experimental results to verify the accuracy of the FE model. To study the stability at different temperatures, 765 FE models considering geometry and material nonlinearity are created in five different temperature environments. Three section types (H-type, rectangular, and circular tube sections), three sectional dimensions for each section type, and 17 slenderness ratios are considered in the models. Based on the FE results and the statistical regression method, the formula for calculating the stability coefficient for the columns with different slenderness ratios at different temperatures is fitted. The fitting formula is compared with the test results, Chinese Code (GB), and European Code (EC9). The comparison results demonstrate that the fitting formula can provide a more accurate stability coefficient for the columns at different temperatures.