Abstract Politicians have approved significant changes to the Brazilian Forest Code (Brazilian Law n. 12.651/2012), providing partial pardons for illegal deforestation in 2012. Nonetheless, the New Forest Code (NFC) may cause economic harm, since ecosystem services may be affected, and the productivity of several crops may end up decreasing. Here, we explored two sets of factors, one at a narrow-scale – the loss of close natural vegetation cover – and another at a wide-scale considering implications at a landscape level to measure the effects of the presence/absence of forest remnants, and consequently, of pollinators, on coffee productivity. The narrow-scale perspective used manipulative experiments in ten coffee plantations, and the wide-scale perspective considered secondary data on coffee productivity in planted and native forests of 61 municipalities to test the hypotheses: i) coffee branches with pollinator access are more productive; ii) coffee crops in contact with native forest remnants are more productive; iii) coffee plants located near to native forest remnants are more productive; iv) coffee productivity increases with the municipality area occupied by native forest remnants, and, v) coffee productivity decreases with the municipality area occupied by Eucalyptus spp. At the narrow-scale, we detected 32 % higher coffee productivity when pollinators were present (hypothesis i) and 15 % higher productivity when forest remnants were in contact with the plantation (hypothesis ii), but no differences related to forest remnants in the broader area (hypothesis iii). At the wide-scale, we observed that a higher amount of native forest cover increased coffee productivity (hypothesis iv), while increased Eucalyptus spp. plantations reduced coffee productivity (hypothesis v). The corroboration of hypotheses i, ii, and iv illustrates the importance of animal pollination and native vegetation remnants fr coffee productivity. The findings for hypothesis v reinforce that Eucalyptus spp. plantations are not good surrogates for native vegetation as part of management recovery action for deforested areas. Following the New Forest Code’s recommendations in Article 22 (Chapter IV, Section II), the preservation of native vegetation, species diversity, and native species regeneration should be attended to in legally instituted natural reserves. Our findings improve discernment that natural areas' devastation or its coverage using planted forest may reduce productivity levels of coffee plantations, representing a disruption of natural complexity, of organisms' connectivity, and consequently of ecosystem services as the pollination and pollinator-dependent crops' productivity, as the coffee.

中文翻译：

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协调巴西农业生态系统景观中的咖啡生产力和自然植被保护

摘要 政界人士已批准对巴西森林法典（巴西法律第 12.651/2012 号）进行重大修改，对 2012 年的非法森林砍伐提供部分赦免。 尽管如此，新森林法典 (NFC) 可能会造成经济损害，因为生态系统服务可能会受到影响，并且几种作物的生产力最终可能会下降。在这里，我们探讨了两组因素，一组是小尺度的——自然植被覆盖的丧失——另一组是大尺度的，考虑到景观层面的影响，以衡量森林残余存在/不存在的影响，因此，传粉媒介对咖啡生产力的影响。狭窄的视角在十个咖啡种植园中使用了操作性实验，广泛的视角考虑了 61 个城市人工林和原生林咖啡生产力的二手数据，以检验假设：i) 有授粉媒介的咖啡枝条生产力更高；ii) 与原始森林残余物接触的咖啡作物产量更高；iii) 靠近原始森林残余物的咖啡植物产量更高；iv) 咖啡生产力随着本地森林残余物占据的市区面积而增加，并且，v) 咖啡生产力随着桉树属植物占据的市区面积而下降。在狭义范围内，当传粉媒介存在时，我们检测到咖啡生产力提高 32%（假设 i），而当森林残余物与种植园接触时，咖啡生产力提高 15%（假设 ii），但与更广泛地区的森林残余无关（假设 iii）。在广泛的范围内，我们观察到更多的原生森林覆盖增加了咖啡生产力（假设 iv），同时增加了桉树。种植园降低了咖啡产量（假设 v）。假设 i、ii 和 iv 的证实说明了动物授粉和原生植被残余物对咖啡生产力的重要性。假设 v 的发现强化了桉树属。作为森林砍伐地区管理恢复行动的一部分，人工林不是原生植被的良好替代品。遵循新森林法典第 22 条（第四章第二节）中的建议，保护原生植被、物种多样性、在合法设立的自然保护区内应注意本地物种的再生。我们的发现提高了人们的认识，即自然区域的破坏或其使用人工林的覆盖可能会降低咖啡种植园的生产力水平，这意味着自然复杂性、生物体的连通性以及生态系统服务的破坏，作为授粉和依赖传粉媒介的作物的生产力，作为咖啡。