Abstract This meta-analytic review aims to address the mixed findings in previous research by quantifying the associations between early-life stress and risk, time, and prosocial preferences, and testing the boundary conditions of these associations. We meta-analyze 123 articles reporting 867 effect sizes among 199,019 adults to test different predictions from a life history perspective, a sensitization perspective, and an uncertainty management perspective about how early-life stress is associated with risk, time, and prosocial preferences. First, we find relatively small effect sizes indicating that early-life stress is associated with greater risk taking (r = .123), more present orientation (r = .126), and less prosociality (r = -.085), and its positive association with present orientation is stronger in currently stressful situations. Second, these observed associations do not vary significantly for harshness and unpredictability dimensions of early-life stress. Notably, moderation analyses across different types of preference measures only reveal an overall pattern of associations of early-life stress with self-report measures of risk, time, and prosocial preferences. By contrast, early-life stress is not significantly associated with risk preference or prosocial preference measured with hypothetical choice tasks or laboratory behavior tasks. Taken together, although the overall pattern of results supports a life history perspective, a cautious interpretation is warranted by the variation in the results across different preference measures and potential publication bias in the results. More pre-registered studies are needed to test the extent to which preferences measured with arbitrary laboratory-based tasks capture real-world behaviors and to increase the ecological validity of laboratory-based measures.

中文翻译：

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早期生活压力与成年期风险、时间和亲社会偏好之间的关系：元分析综述

摘要 本元分析综述旨在通过量化早期生活压力与风险、时间和亲社会偏好之间的关联，并测试这些关联的边界条件，来解决先前研究中的混合发现。我们对 123 篇报道了 199,019 名成年人的 867 种效应量的文章进行了元分析，以从生活史的角度、敏感性的角度和不确定性管理的角度测试关于早期生活压力如何与风险、时间和亲社会偏好相关联的不同预测。首先，我们发现相对较小的效应量表明，早期生活压力与更大的风险承担 (r = .123)、更多的现实取向 (r = .126) 和更少的亲社会性 (r = -.085) 相关，并且在当前有压力的情况下，与当前方向的积极关联更强。第二，这些观察到的关联在早期生活压力的严酷性和不可预测性方面没有显着差异。值得注意的是，对不同类型偏好测量的适度分析仅揭示了早期生活压力与风险、时间和亲社会偏好的自我报告测量之间关联的整体模式。相比之下，早期生活压力与通过假设选择任务或实验室行为任务衡量的风险偏好或亲社会偏好没有显着关联。总之，尽管结果的整体模式支持生活史的观点，但由于不同偏好措施的结果差异和结果中潜在的发表偏倚，需要谨慎解释。