The development of low cost, convenient, and efficient biosensors is critical for water biotoxicity monitoring. Microbial electrochemical sensors employ electrode-biofilm as the sensing element, and detect biotoxicity by tracking the electron transfer between electroactive microorganisms and electrodes under toxic stress. Use of such biosensors in the aquatic environment can provide an early warning for the presence of various toxicants. In this paper, cutting-edge studies on strategies to create high performance microbial electrochemical biosensors are reviewed, which have mainly focused on different sensing elements. Bioanode sensing element-based microbial electrochemical sensors have been successfully applied in the laboratory to detect various toxicants, and to diagnose typical anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. The abiotic cathode sensing element is also included, which is mainly based on the electrochemical reduction of target analytes or its inhibition of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The biocathode sensing element successfully solves the problems of low sensitivity and high false-negative rate, and recent advances and future perspectives in this field are highlighted. The limitations and potential solutions associated with the practical application of microbial electrochemical sensors for water biotoxicity monitoring are discussed.

低成本，方便，高效的生物传感器的开发对于水生物毒性监测至关重要。微生物电化学传感器采用电极生物膜作为传感元件，并通过跟踪在毒性压力下电活性微生物与电极之间的电子转移来检测生物毒性。在水生环境中使用此类生物传感器可对各种有毒物质的存在提供预警。本文综述了有关创建高性能微生物电化学生物传感器策略的前沿研究，这些研究主要集中在不同的传感元件上。基于生物阳极传感元件的微生物电化学传感器已成功应用于实验室中，以检测各种有毒物质，并诊断典型的厌氧废水处理过程。还包括非生物阴极感测元件，其主要基于目标分析物的电化学还原或对氧还原反应（ORR）的抑制。该生物阴极传感元件成功地解决了灵敏度低和假阴性率高的问题，并突出了该领域的最新进展和未来展望。讨论了与微生物电化学传感器用于水生物毒性监测的实际应用相关的局限性和潜在解决方案。并重点介绍了该领域的最新进展和未来前景。讨论了微生物电化学传感器在水生物毒性监测中的实际应用的局限性和潜在的解决方案。并重点介绍了该领域的最新进展和未来前景。讨论了微生物电化学传感器在水生物毒性监测中的实际应用的局限性和潜在的解决方案。