Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause significant mortality globally. Notably, CVDs disproportionately negatively impact underserved populations, such as those that are economically disadvantaged and often located in remote regions. Devices to measure cardiac biomarkers have traditionally been focused on large instruments in a central laboratory but the development of affordable, portable devices that measure multiple cardiac biomarkers at the point-of-care (POC) are needed to improve clinical outcomes for patients, especially in underserved populations. Considering the enormity of the global CVD problem, complexity of CVDs, and the large candidate pool of biomarkers, it is of great interest to evaluate and compare biomarker performance and identify potential multiplexed panels that can be used in combination with affordable and robust biosensors at the POC toward improved patient care. This review focuses on describing the known and emerging CVD biosensing technologies for analysis of cardiac biomarkers from blood. Initially, the global burden of CVDs and the standard of care for the primary CVD categories, namely heart failure (HF) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including myocardial infarction (MI) are discussed. The latest United States, Canadian and European society guidelines recommended standalone, emerging, and add-on cardiac biomarkers, as well as their combinations are then described for the prognosis, diagnosis, and risk stratification of CVDs. Finally, both commercial in vitro biosensing devices and recent state-of-art techniques for detection of the cardiac biomarkers are reviewed that leverage single and multiplexed panels of cardiac biomarkers with a view toward affordable, compact devices with excellent performance for POC diagnosis and monitoring.

心血管疾病（CVD）在全球范围内导致大量死亡。值得注意的是，CVD对服务不足的人群（例如，经济上处于劣势且通常位于偏远地区的人群）产生了不成比例的负面影响。传统上，用于测量心脏生物标志物的设备主要集中在中央实验室中的大型仪器上，但是需要开发可负担得起的便携式设备来测量即时医疗点（POC）的多种心脏生物标志物，以改善患者的临床效果，尤其是在服务不足的人群。考虑到全球CVD问题的严重性，CVD的复杂性以及大量的生物标志物候选物，评估和比较生物标志物的性能并确定可与POC上价格合理且功能强大的生物传感器结合使用以改善患者护理的潜在多路复用面板非常重要。这篇综述着重于描述用于分析血液中心脏生物标志物的已知和新兴的CVD生物传感技术。最初，讨论了CVD的全球负担和主要CVD类别（即心力衰竭（HF）和包括心肌梗塞（MI）的急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS））的护理标准。最新的美国，加拿大和欧洲社会指南推荐了独立的，新兴的和附加的心脏生物标志物，以及它们的组合用于心血管疾病的预后，诊断和风险分层。最后，无论是商业 讨论了CVD的全球负担以及主要CVD类别（即心力衰竭（HF）和包括心肌梗塞（MI）在内的急性冠脉综合征（ACS））的护理标准。最新的美国，加拿大和欧洲社会指南推荐了独立的，新兴的和附加的心脏生物标志物，以及它们的组合用于心血管疾病的预后，诊断和风险分层。最后，无论是商业 讨论了CVD的全球负担以及主要CVD类别（即心力衰竭（HF）和包括心肌梗塞（MI）在内的急性冠脉综合征（ACS））的护理标准。最新的美国，加拿大和欧洲社会指南推荐了独立的，新兴的和附加的心脏生物标志物，以及它们的组合用于心血管疾病的预后，诊断和风险分层。最后，无论是商业综述了体外生物传感设备和用于检测心脏生物标志物的最新技术，这些技术利用了单个或多个心脏生物标志物面板，以期提供价格低廉的紧凑型设备，并具有出色的POC诊断和监测性能。