Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic potential of an ethanolic extract of Hyptis mutabilis and its effects on behavior, biochemistry, ionic balance, and oxidative stress biomarkers of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after 24-h exposure. Additionally, its chemical composition was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) to identify its bioactive compounds. The concentration range of 50–500 mg L−1 induced only partial loss of equilibrium (14–2 min) in fish. There was quick recovery (about 5 min) with 50 and 100 mg L−1, while not all animals recovered within 30 min exposure to the higher concentrations. Fish exposed to 100 mg L−1 maintained a sedative level during the long-term experiment. There were lower plasma glucose and lactate levels in fish exposed to the extract compared with the control group (water). There were net Na+ and K+ influxes after exposure to the extract, while Cl− effluxes were observed in all groups (treated or not). Ammonia excretion decreased in animals exposed to extract, and creatinine elimination did not change. Fish exposed to 100 mg L−1 showed higher catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the kidney, while glutathione-dependent peroxidase activity increased in the liver. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney did not differ among experimental groups, while there were lower levels in the liver of juveniles exposed to the extract. There was no mortality or side effects in any of the experiments. Rosmarinic acid (53.76 ± 0.13 mg g−1 extract) and rutin (5.75 ± 0.28 mg g−1 extract) were identified in the extract based on standards. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of H. mutabilis is a promising fish sedative at 100 mg L−1. Its use for long-term exposure showed a good safety margin and ability to prevent stress. Hence, it can be proposed for use in the transport of aquatic animals.

中文翻译：

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Hyptis mutabilis (rich.) Briq. 的乙醇提取物：一种有效的鱼类镇静剂和抗氧化剂

摘要 本研究的目的是评估 Hyptis mutabilis 乙醇提取物的麻醉潜力及其对银鲶 (Rhamdia quelen) 24 小时暴露后行为、生物化学、离子平衡和氧化应激生物标志物的影响。此外，通过高效液相色谱结合二极管阵列检测器和串联质谱 (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) 确定其化学成分，以鉴定其生物活性化合物。50-500 mg L-1 的浓度范围仅导致鱼的部分平衡丧失（14-2 分钟）。使用 50 和 100 mg L-1 可快速恢复（约 5 分钟），而并非所有动物在暴露于较高浓度的 30 分钟内恢复。在长期实验期间，暴露于 100 mg L-1 的鱼保持镇静水平。与对照组（水）相比，暴露于提取物的鱼的血浆葡萄糖和乳酸水平较低。暴露于提取物后有净 Na+ 和 K+ 流入，而在所有组（处理或未处理）中均观察到 Cl- 流出。暴露于提取物的动物的氨排泄量减少，肌酐消除量没有变化。暴露于 100 mg L-1 的鱼在肾脏中显示出更高的过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶活性，而肝脏中依赖于谷胱甘肽的过氧化物酶活性增加。肾脏中的脂质过氧化在实验组之间没有差异，而暴露于提取物的幼鱼肝脏中的水平较低。在任何实验中都没有死亡或副作用。迷迭香酸（53.76 ± 0.13 mg g−1 提取物）和芦丁（5.75 ± 0。根据标准在提取物中鉴定出 28 mg g-1 提取物。总之，H. mutabilis 的乙醇提取物是一种很有前途的鱼类镇静剂，浓度为 100 mg L-1。它用于长期暴露显示出良好的安全系数和防止压力的能力。因此，可以建议将其用于水生动物的运输。