Abstract Overuse of N fertilizer in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems (GVPS) seriously affects soil and water environment. Quantifying soil N dynamics and plant growth is crucial for developing sustainable N management practices. A long-term greenhouse tomato experiment, including 13 tomato growth seasons (2004–2010) and three different nitrogen (N) management practices (conventional N management, CN; reduced N management, RN; and manure N management, MN), was conducted in this study. Agricultural system model (WHCNS_Veg) was adopted to simulate and analyze the effects of different long-term N fertilization regimens on N loss and tomato yield. The calibration and evaluation of the model showed fairly satisfactory simulation in soil water content, soil nitrate concentration, crop N uptake, and fresh marketable tomato yield; the values of the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were 15.4%, 42.9%, 21.2%, and 7.7%, respectively, and the values of index of agreement (IA) were 0.85, 0.62, 0.96, and 0.97, respectively. Different N management practices did not significantly affect the tomato yield. However, the long-term high rates of chemical N application in CN treatment significantly increased soil N accumulation, thereby increasing N loss. The simulated N losses caused by leaching, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization under the reduced N treatments (RN and MN) were decreased by 66.8%, 56.8%, and 83.2% compared to those of CN treatment, respectively. Among different N management practices, manure N management showed a relatively high N use efficiency and maintained a high tomato yield. And the optimal manure N application rate approximately 400 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was recommended to maximize farmers' income. The results not only provide decision supports for local farmers' N management, but also policy making of government for sustainable development of greenhouse tomato production in the region.

中文翻译：

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在温室番茄生产系统中模拟长期减少施氮对土壤氮损失和产量的影响

摘要 集约化温室蔬菜生产系统（GVPS）中氮肥过量使用严重影响水土环境。量化土壤氮动态和植物生长对于开发可持续的氮管理实践至关重要。进行了一项长期温室番茄实验，包括 13 个番茄生长季节（2004-2010）和三种不同的氮 (N) 管理实践（常规氮管理，CN；减少氮管理，RN；和粪便氮管理，MN）在这个研究中。采用农业系统模型（WHCNS_Veg）模拟分析不同长期施氮方案对氮素损失和番茄产量的影响。模型的校准和评估表明，在土壤含水量、土壤硝酸盐浓度、作物吸氮量和新鲜可销售番茄产量方面的模拟相当令人满意；归一化均方根误差 (NRMSE) 值分别为 15.4%、42.9%、21.2% 和 7.7%，一致性指数 (IA) 值分别为 0.85、0.62、0.96 和 0.97。不同的氮管理措施对番茄产量没有显着影响。然而，CN 处理中化学氮的长期高施用率显着增加了土壤 N 积累，从而增加了 N 损失。与CN处理相比，还原N处理（RN和MN）下浸出、反硝化和氨挥发造成的模拟N损失分别减少了66.8%、56.8%和83.2%。在不同的氮肥管理措施中，粪肥氮肥管理表现出较高的氮肥利用率，并保持较高的番茄产量。建议最佳肥料施氮量约为 400 kg N ha−1 yr−1，以最大限度地提高农民的收入。研究结果不仅为当地农民氮素管理提供决策支持，也为政府制定本地区温室番茄生产可持续发展的政策提供依据。