Barley is one of the most important crops in the world. Barley is used as both food and feed and is important for malt production. Demands for malting quality differ among countries and customs. Malting quality is a complex characteristic involving barley genetics, the environmental conditions during barley growth, and the technological parameters of the malting process. In this study, the hypothesis was that there were no differences between two groups of barley varieties with different but defined malting qualities, which was tested using RNA sequencing during selected stages of malting. In total, 919 differentially transcribed genes between the two barley groups were identified and annotated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily assigned to gene ontology (GO) terms of oxidation-reduction process - oxidoreductase activity, response to stress, carbohydrate metabolic process, and proteolysis - hydrolase activity, and metal ion binding. Genes connected with the plasma membrane and its integral components also play important roles in malting quality. DEG profiles of selected genes in the three malting stages indicate a complex character of malting quality. Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (indels) were identified. SNPs and indels with the best quality were used for primer design. After optimization and validation, five molecular markers were developed for use in barley breeding.

大麦是世界上最重要的农作物之一。大麦既用作食物又用作饲料，对麦芽生产很重要。不同国家和习俗对麦芽质量的要求各不相同。麦芽品质是一个复杂的特征，涉及大麦遗传、大麦生长过程中的环境条件以及麦芽过程的技术参数。在这项研究中，假设两组具有不同但确定的麦芽品质的大麦品种之间没有差异，在选定的麦芽制造阶段使用 RNA 测序进行测试。总共鉴定并注释了两个大麦组之间的 919 个差异转录基因。差异表达基因 (DEGs) 主要分配给氧化还原过程的基因本体 (GO) 术语 - 氧化还原酶活性，应激反应、碳水化合物代谢过程和蛋白水解 - 水解酶活性和金属离子结合。与质膜相关的基因及其组成部分在麦芽质量中也起着重要作用。三个麦芽阶段中所选基因的 DEG 谱表明麦芽质量的复杂特征。鉴定了许多单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 和插入和缺失 (indel)。使用质量最好的 SNP 和插入缺失进行引物设计。经过优化和验证，开发了五种分子标记用于大麦育种。三个麦芽阶段中所选基因的 DEG 谱表明麦芽质量的复杂特征。鉴定了许多单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 和插入和缺失 (indel)。使用质量最好的 SNP 和插入缺失进行引物设计。经过优化和验证，开发了五种分子标记用于大麦育种。三个麦芽阶段中所选基因的 DEG 谱表明麦芽质量的复杂特征。鉴定了许多单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 和插入和缺失 (indel)。使用质量最好的 SNP 和插入缺失进行引物设计。经过优化和验证，开发了五种分子标记用于大麦育种。