Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are being increasingly deployed in energy storage systems (ESS) due to a high energy density. However, the inherent flammability of current LIBs presents a new challenge to fire protection system design. While bench-scale testing has focused on the hazard of a single battery, or small collection of batteries, the more complex burning behavior of a commercially design module (collection of batteries) or rack (collection of modules) is still largely unknown. In this study, a series of small- to large-scale free burn fire tests were conducted on ESS comprised of either iron phosphate (LFP) or lithium nickel oxide/lithium manganese oxide (LNO/LMO) batteries. Small-scale tests showed that a thermal runaway event could lead to a self-propagating fire for both the LFP and LNO/LMO batteries with a significantly greater heat release rate (HRR) generated from the LNO/LMO battery. Intermediate- and large-scale tests showed that the burning of a single module was sufficient to involve all other modules within the same ESS rack for both types of battery chemistries. The different burning behavior of the two battery chemistries was further demonstrated with the LNO/LMO battery generating a maximum HRR nearly three times that of the LFP battery. To better understand the hazard associated with these fires, a multi-point source model was used to analyze the radiative heat exposure to the environment. The end result is an experimentally validated data set that can be used to estimate the heat exposure to objects surrounding an ESS fire, such as ESS racks across an aisle space in a large deployment, or other nearby combustibles. These data also provide the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of sprinkler protection at reducing the fire hazard and protecting the surroundings.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池储能系统的火灾隐患：1. 模块到机架规模的火灾测试

由于能量密度高，锂离子电池 (LIB) 越来越多地部署在储能系统 (ESS) 中。然而，当前锂离子电池固有的易燃性对消防系统设计提出了新的挑战。虽然小规模测试侧重于单个电池或少量电池组的危害，但商业设计模块（电池组）或机架（模块组）更复杂的燃烧行为在很大程度上仍是未知的。在这项研究中，对由磷酸铁 (LFP) 或锂镍氧化物/锂锰氧化物 (LNO/LMO) 电池组成的 ESS 进行了一系列从小到大的自由燃烧测试。小规模测试表明，热失控事件可能导致 LFP 和 LNO/LMO 电池的自蔓延火灾，LNO/LMO 电池产生的热释放率 (HRR) 明显更高。中级和大规模测试表明，对于两种类型的电池化学物质，单个模块的燃烧足以让同一 ESS 机架内的所有其他模块都参与进来。LNO/LMO 电池产生的最大 HRR 几乎是 LFP 电池的三倍，这进一步证明了两种电池化学物质的不同燃烧行为。为了更好地了解与这些火灾相关的危害，使用多点源模型来分析辐射热暴露于环境中。最终结果是一个经过实验验证的数据集，可用于估计 ESS 火灾周围物体的热量暴露，例如大型部署中跨过过道空间的 ESS 机架或附近的其他可燃物。这些数据还为评估洒水喷头保护在减少火灾危险和保护周围环境方面的有效性提供了基础。