In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to produce short-term regional climate simulations with several configurations for the Carpathian Basin region. The goal is to evaluate the performance of the model and analyze its sensitivity to different physical and dynamical settings, and input data. Fifteen experiments were conducted with WRF at 10 km resolution for the year 2013. The simulations differ in terms of configuration options such as the parameterization schemes, the hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic dynamical cores, the initial and boundary conditions (ERA5 and ERA-Interim reanalyses), the number of vertical levels, and the length of the spin-up period. E-OBS dataset 2 m temperature, total precipitation, and global radiation are used for validation. Temperature underestimation reaches 4–7 °C for some experiments and can be reduced by certain physics scheme combinations. The cold bias in winter and spring is mainly caused by excessive snowfall and too persistent snow cover, as revealed by comparison with satellite-based observations and a test simulation without snow on the surface. Annual precipitation is overestimated by 0.6–3.8 mm day⁻¹, with biases mainly accumulating in the period driven by large-scale weather processes. Downward shortwave radiation is underestimated all year except in the months dominated by locally forced phenomena (May to August) when a positive bias prevails. The incorporation of downward shortwave radiation to the validation variables increased the understanding of underlying problems with the parameterization schemes and highlighted false model error compensations.

在这项研究中，天气研究和预报（WRF）模型用于产生喀尔巴阡盆地地区具有几种配置的短期区域气候模拟。目的是评估模型的性能，并分析其对不同物理和动态设置以及输入数据的敏感性。2013年使用WRF以10 km分辨率进行了15次实验。模拟在配置选项方面有所不同，例如参数化方案，静水和非静水动力核心，初始和边界条件（ERA5和ERA-Interim重新分析） ），垂直水准仪的数量以及加速期的长度。E-OBS数据集2 m温度，总降水量和全球辐射用于验证。在某些实验中，温度低估达到4–7°C，并且可以通过某些物理方案组合来降低。与基于卫星的观测结果和表面没有积雪的测试模拟结果相比，冬季和春季的冷偏差主要是由于降雪量过多和积雪过于持久所致。年降水量被高估了0.6–3.8毫米/天^-1，主要是在大规模天气过程驱动的时段内累积偏差。向下的短波辐射全年都被低估了，除非在局部强迫现象占主导的月份（5月至8月）中出现积极的偏见。将向下的短波辐射合并到验证变量中，可以增加对参数化方案潜在问题的了解，并突出显示了错误的模型误差补偿。