The year 2020 marks the 10th anniversary of the United Nations (UN) resolution that recognized the human rights to water and sanitation (HRtWS), and is the last year of the second mandate of the Special Rapporteurs (SRs), spanning 12 years in total. This paper discusses the challenges in the fulfilment of the rights through the work of the SRs, based on an analysis of the twenty-three country visits, seven follow-up reports, and twenty-two thematic reports elaborated during this time. While policy, regulation and finance receive the most attention from the SRs, the analysis of the follow-up reports show that the SRs’ recommendations alone might not be enough to trigger structural changes at country level. Aspects of accountability, equality and nondiscrimination also stand out in the work of the SRs. Based on the analysis, the last section identifies topics, settings, and groups that require further attention from a human rights perspective including: extraterritorial obligations, including transboundary waters; the UN and the HRtWS; climate change; public provision of water and sanitation services; drinking water quality control and surveillance; rural sanitation; indigenous peoples; sanitation workers; informal settlements; and capacity development.

中文翻译：

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水和环境卫生人权问题特别报告员 12 年概览：展望未来挑战

2020 年是联合国 (UN) 承认享有水和卫生设施的人权 (HRtWS) 的决议通过 10 周年，也是特别报告员 (SRs) 第二次任务的最后一年，总共跨越 12 年. 本文基于对 23 次国别访问、7 份后续报告和 22 份专题报告的分析，讨论了通过工作人员代表的工作实现权利方面的挑战。虽然政策、监管和金融最受特别代表的关注，但对后续报告的分析表明，仅凭特别代表的建议可能不足以引发国家层面的结构变化。问责制、平等和非歧视等方面在员工代表的工作中也很突出。根据分析，最后一部分确定了需要从人权角度进一步关注的主题、环境和群体，包括： 域外义务，包括跨界水域；联合国和 HRtWS；气候变化；公共供水和卫生服务；饮用水质量控制和监测；农村卫生；本土居民; 环卫工人；非正式住区；和能力发展。