The field of tumour immunology has rapidly advanced in the last decade, leading to the advent of effective immunotherapies for patients with advanced cancers. This highlights the critical role of the immune system in determining tumour development and outcome. The tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) is highly heterogeneous, and the interactions between tumours and the immune system are vastly complex. Studying immune cell function in the TIME will provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underpinning these interactions. This review examines the role of immune cell populations in the TIME based on their phenotype, function and localisation, as well as contextualising their position in the dynamic relationship between tumours and the immune system. We discuss the function of immune cell populations, examine their impact on patient outcome and highlight gaps in current understanding of their roles in the TIME, both in cancers in general and specifically in melanoma. Studying the TIME by evaluating both pro‐tumour and anti‐tumour effects may elucidate the conditions which lead to tumour growth and metastasis or immune‐mediated tumour regression. Moreover, an in‐depth understanding of these conditions could contribute to improved prognostication, more effective use of current immunotherapies and guide the development of novel treatment strategies and therapies.

中文翻译：

---

肿瘤免疫景观及其在皮肤黑色素瘤中的意义

肿瘤免疫学领域在过去十年中迅速发展，导致针对晚期癌症患者的有效免疫疗法的出现。这突出了免疫系统在确定肿瘤发展和结果中的关键作用。肿瘤免疫微环境（TIME）具有高度异质性，肿瘤与免疫系统之间的相互作用非常复杂。在时代研究免疫细胞功能将有助于更好地理解支撑这些相互作用的机制。这篇综述根据免疫细胞群的表型、功能和定位，以及它们在肿瘤和免疫系统之间动态关系中的位置，检查了免疫细胞群在 TIME 中的作用。我们讨论免疫细胞群的功能，检查它们对患者结果的影响，并强调目前对它们在 TIME 中作用的理解差距，无论是在一般癌症中，还是在黑色素瘤中。通过评估促肿瘤和抗肿瘤作用来研究 TIME，可以阐明导致肿瘤生长和转移或免疫介导的肿瘤消退的条件。此外，对这些情况的深入了解有助于改善预后，更有效地使用当前的免疫疗法，并指导新的治疗策略和疗法的开发。通过评估促肿瘤和抗肿瘤作用来研究 TIME，可以阐明导致肿瘤生长和转移或免疫介导的肿瘤消退的条件。此外，对这些情况的深入了解有助于改善预后，更有效地使用当前的免疫疗法，并指导新的治疗策略和疗法的开发。通过评估促肿瘤和抗肿瘤作用来研究 TIME，可以阐明导致肿瘤生长和转移或免疫介导的肿瘤消退的条件。此外，对这些情况的深入了解有助于改善预后，更有效地使用当前的免疫疗法，并指导新的治疗策略和疗法的开发。