Population growth, rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development have led to the magnified municipal solid waste generation at an alarming rate on a global scale. Municipal solid waste seems to be an economically viable and attractive resource to produce green fuels through different waste-to-energy conversion routes. This paper reviews the different waste-to-energy technologies as well as thermochemical and biological conversion technologies for the valorization of municipal solid waste and diversion for recycling. The key waste-to-energy technologies discussed in this review include conventional thermal incineration and the modern hydrothermal incineration. The thermochemical treatments (e.g. pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification) and biological treatments (e.g. anaerobic digestion and composting) are also elaborated for the transformation of solid wastes to biofuel products. The current status of municipal solid waste management for effective disposal and diversion along with the opportunities and challenges has been comprehensively reviewed. The merits and technical challenges of the waste-to-energy technologies are systematically discussed to promote the diversion of solid wastes from landfill disposal to biorefineries.

人口增长，快速的城市化，工业化和经济发展已导致全球范围内以惊人的速度产生大量的城市固体废物。城市固体废物似乎是通过不同的废物转化为能源的途径生产绿色燃料的经济上可行且具有吸引力的资源。本文回顾了各种废物转化为能源的技术以及热化学和生物转化技术，以对城市固体废物进行估值和转移以进行回收。本文中讨论的关键废物转化为能源技术包括常规热焚烧和现代水热焚烧。热化学处理（例如热解，液化和气化）和生物处理（例如 还详细说明了厌氧消化和堆肥技术，以将固体废物转化为生物燃料产品。对城市固体废物有效处置和转移的现状以及机遇与挑战进行了全面回顾。系统地讨论了废物转化为能源技术的优点和技术挑战，以促进将固体废物从垃圾填埋场转移到生物精炼厂。