Abstract Urbanization and urban lifestyle are progressively diminishing individuals' opportunity (e.g., nature exposure) to experience and orientation (affinity) towards nature, ultimately reducing people's experiences of nature. This process has been described as the ‘extinction of experience’ (EoE), and it was suggested that it can alter the way people benefit from, interact with, learn about, emotionally connect with and commit to protect the natural world. The EoE is underpinned by interconnected relations between the drivers, nature experiences and outcomes, yet to date most research have focused on bilateral relations (e.g. between opportunity and well-being). Here we adopt a holistic approach to jointly explore the network of relationships suggested by the EoE theory. We conducted a survey of 523 inhabitants of a large metropolis, Tel Aviv, Israel, living in neighborhoods varying in nature intensity levels, and explored their orientation, health, well-being, environmental attitudes and conservation behaviors. Using a structural equation model, we empirically demonstrated the validity of the theoretical model of the EoE, but also showed more complex relationships. For instance, opportunity to experience urban nature was only related to health and well-being benefits, while orientation towards nature was related to well-being, conservation attitudes and behaviors in different contexts. Thus, providing opportunities to experience nature seems to be less sufficient than strengthening people's orientation to avert the EoE, as the latter can simultaneously enhance nature experiences, conservation behaviors and provide social benefits. This knowledge is pivotal if we are to promote policies that achieve the behavioral changes needed to mitigate the biodiversity crisis.

中文翻译：

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解开经验灭绝的原因和后果

摘要 城市化和城市生活方式正在逐渐减少个人体验自然的机会（例如，接触自然）和自然取向（亲和），最终减少人们对自然的体验。这个过程被描述为“经验灭绝”（EoE），有人认为它可以改变人们从自然世界中受益、互动、学习、情感联系和承诺保护自然世界的方式。EoE 的基础是驱动因素、自然体验和结果之间相互关联的关系，但迄今为止，大多数研究都集中在双边关系上（例如机会和福祉之间）。在这里，我们采用整体方法来共同探索 EoE 理论建议的关系网络。我们对一个大都市的 523 名居民进行了调查，以色列特拉维夫生活在自然强度水平不同的社区，并探索了他们的方向、健康、福祉、环境态度和保护行为。使用结构方程模型，我们凭经验证明了 EoE 理论模型的有效性，但也显示了更复杂的关系。例如，体验城市自然的机会只与健康和福祉有关，而对自然的取向与不同环境下的福祉、保护态度和行为有关。因此，提供体验自然的机会似乎比加强人们避免 EoE 的方向还不够，因为后者可以同时增强自然体验、保护行为并提供社会效益。