Biological invasions have increased in the last few decades mostly due to anthropogenic causes such as globalization of trade. Because invaders sometimes cause large economic losses and ecological disturbances, estimating their origin and potential geographical ranges is useful. Drosophila subobscura is native to the Old World but was introduced in the New World in the late 1970s and spread widely. We incorporate information on adaptive genetic markers into ecological niche modelling and then estimate the most probable geographical source of colonizers; evaluate whether the genetic bottleneck experienced by founders affects their potential distribution; and finally test whether this species has spread to all its potential suitable habitats worldwide. We find the environmental space occupied by this species in its native and introduced distributions are notably the same, although the introduced niche has shifted slightly towards higher temperature and lower precipitation. The genetic bottleneck of founding individuals was a key factor limiting the spread of this introduced species. We also find that regions in the Mediterranean and north-central Portugal show the highest probability of being the origin of the colonizers. Using genetically informed environmental niche modelling can enhance our understanding of the initial colonization and spread of invasive species, and also elucidate potential areas of future expansions worldwide.

中文翻译：

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引入物种的分布建模：适应性遗传标记会影响潜在范围吗？

在过去的几十年里，生物入侵有所增加，主要是由于贸易全球化等人为原因。由于入侵者有时会造成巨大的经济损失和生态干扰，因此估计它们的来源和潜在的地理范围是有用的。Drosophila subobscura 原产于旧世界，但在 1970 年代后期被引入新世界并广泛传播。我们将适应性遗传标记的信息纳入生态位模型，然后估计殖民者最可能的地理来源；评估创始人遇到的基因瓶颈是否影响他们的潜在分布；并最终测试该物种是否已扩散到全球所有潜在的合适栖息地。我们发现该物种在其原生分布和引入分布中占据的环境空间明显相同，尽管引入的生态位已略微转向更高的温度和更低的降水量。创始个体的遗传瓶颈是限制这种引入物种传播的关键因素。我们还发现地中海和葡萄牙中北部地区成为殖民者起源的可能性最高。使用遗传信息的环境生态位模型可以增强我们对入侵物种的初始殖民和传播的理解，并阐明未来全球扩张的潜在领域。创始个体的遗传瓶颈是限制这种引入物种传播的关键因素。我们还发现地中海和葡萄牙中北部地区成为殖民者起源的可能性最高。使用遗传信息的环境生态位模型可以增强我们对入侵物种的初始殖民和传播的理解，并阐明未来全球扩张的潜在领域。创始个体的遗传瓶颈是限制这种引入物种传播的关键因素。我们还发现地中海和葡萄牙中北部地区成为殖民者起源的可能性最高。使用遗传信息的环境生态位模型可以增强我们对入侵物种的初始殖民和传播的理解，并阐明未来全球扩张的潜在领域。