A silent revolution has occurred in our understanding of how T cell-mediated immunity protects the host from recrudescent pathogens and how it fits into occurrences of autoimmunity and allergies. Under the new paradigm, the hitherto unknown noncirculatory, tissue-resident memory T cells (T_RM ) constitute the host defense sentinels posted in diverse anatomic compartments and they are the key actors in protection against reinfections, tissue surveillance, cancer, and in many cases in autoimmunity and allergy in both animal models and humans. This contrasts with the previously held view that circulating memory T cells (T_circM) transitioning through the peripheral tissue are the main defenders against reinfections and are underlying agents in autoimmune reactions. T_RM, elicited after primary pathogen encounter in a given tissue, are now known to be stably positioned in the respective barrier (skin, lungs, gut, female reproductive tract mucosa, liver, etc.) or nonbarrier (brain, kidneys, etc.) peripheral tissues. T_RM represent a rapid, tissue-autonomous, first line of robust adaptive immune defense against recurring infections. Following a discussion on the defining characteristics of T_RM, this review will focus on how T_RM seeding and induction at the site of recurrent pathogen invasion is now, and must continue to be, the governing principle in new vaccine designs. The review will also elaborate on the role of T_RM in relapsing and remitting autoimmunity by being prepositioned in the tissue as potent effectors. Many infectious disease vaccines targeted to establish and activate T_RM at the infection site in animal models are robustly more effective at host protection relative to their traditional, parenterally administered counterparts that only activate systemic T_circM. Likewise, T_RM-centered remedies are being successful in ameliorating T cell mediated autoimmunity in cases in which approaches based on circulatory T cells failed. Thus, the current and emerging T_RM discoveries are piloting a new era of T_RM-driven strategies focused on activation or inactivation of tissue-localized immunity in vaccines and therapies targeting infectious disease, cancer, autoimmunity, and allergies.

中文翻译：

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组织驻留记忆 T 细胞：就地庇护以保护宿主防御

我们对 T 细胞介导的免疫如何保护宿主免受病原体复发以及它如何适应自身免疫和过敏的理解发生了一场无声的革命。在新范式下，迄今为止未知的非循环、组织驻留记忆 T 细胞 ( _TRM ) 构成了部署在不同解剖区室中的宿主防御哨兵，它们是防止再感染、组织监测、癌症以及在许多情况下的关键角色在动物模型和人类的自身免疫和过敏中。这与之前持有的观点形成对比，即循环记忆 T 细胞 (T _circM ) 穿过外周组织是抵抗再感染的主要防御者，并且是自身免疫反应的潜在因素。Ť _RM，在给定组织中遇到主要病原体后引发，现在已知稳定定位在各自的屏障（皮肤、肺、肠道、女性生殖道粘膜、肝脏等）或非屏障（脑、肾等）外周组织。T _RM代表了一种快速的、组织自主的、针对复发性感染的强大适应性免疫防御的第一道防线。继T的标志性特征的讨论_RM，这次审查将集中对T如何_RM直播和归纳，在经常性病原体侵入的网站现在是，而且必须继续在新的疫苗设计的指导原则。审查还将阐述T的作用_RM通过在组织中作为有效的效应器预先定位，在复发和缓解自身免疫中。许多感染性疾病的疫苗有针对性地建立和激活T _RM在感染部位在动物模型是稳健相对于他们的传统，胃肠外给药的同行，只有激活全身牛逼主机保护更加有效_CIRCM。同样，T _RM -centered补救措施是成功的情况下改善T细胞介导自身免疫在其办法为基础失败循环T细胞。因此，当前和新兴的牛逼_RM的发现驾驶T的新时代_RM驱动策略的重点是在针对传染病、癌症、自身免疫和过敏的疫苗和疗法中激活或灭活组织局部免疫。