The Korean bottled water market has continuously expanded during the last 25 years. However, in-depth studies of its geochemistry have not been conducted. Four types of bottled water manufactured in South Korea (i.e., natural mineral water, NMW; functional water, FW; carbonated water, CW; and desalinated seawater, DSW) were investigated to classify the water type, verify the accuracy of the ion contents detailed on the bottle labels, and decipher the origin of the water sources using major and trace elements and their isotopes. The waters was classified into three types: Ca-HCO3, Ca(Mg)-Cl, and Na-HCO3. NMW and FW are mainly of the Ca-HCO3 type. Our findings indicate that Korean bottled water chemistry is associated with lithological features and manufacturing processes; NMW is closely related to lithology while FW and DSW are strongly affected by manufacturing processes. Unlike major ions, trace elements cannot be used to decipher Korean bottled water chemistry because they show little apparent relationship with lithology. Regardless of the water chemistry, typical isotopic signals corresponding to intrinsic water were observed in all of the samples, indicating that groundwater and seawater were the sources of Korean bottled water.

中文翻译：

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韩国瓶装水的主要和微量元素地球化学

韩国瓶装水市场在过去 25 年中不断扩大。然而，尚未对其地球化学进行深入研究。对韩国生产的四种瓶装水（即天然矿泉水，NMW；功能水，FW；碳酸水，CW；淡化海水，DSW）进行了调查，以对水类型进行分类，验证详细离子含量的准确性在瓶子标签上，并使用主要和微量元素及其同位素破译水源的来源。水被分为三种类型：Ca-HCO3、Ca(Mg)-Cl和Na-HCO3。NMW 和 FW 主要是 Ca-HCO3 型。我们的研究结果表明，韩国瓶装水化学与岩性特征和制造工艺有关；NMW 与岩性密切相关，而 FW 和 DSW 受制造工艺的影响很大。与主要离子不同，微量元素不能用于解读韩国瓶装水化学，因为它们与岩性几乎没有明显的关系。不管水的化学性质如何，在所有样品中都观察到与固有水相对应的典型同位素信号，表明地下水和海水是韩国瓶装水的来源。