A comprehensive review was conducted to assess the current state of monitoring approaches for primary faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) E. coli and enterococci. Approaches were identified and examined in relation to their accuracy, ability to provide continuous data and instantaneous detection results, cost, environmental awareness regarding necessary reagent release or other pollution sources, in situ monitoring capability, and portability. Findings showed that several methods are precise and sophisticated but cannot be performed in real-time or remotely. This is mainly due to their laboratory testing requirements, such as lengthy sample preparations, the requirement for expensive reagents, and fluorescent tags. This study determined that portable fluorescence sensing, combined with advanced modelling methods to compensate readings for environmental interferences and false positives, can lay the foundations for a hybrid FIB sensing approach, allowing remote field deployment of a fleet of networked FIB sensors that can collect high-frequency data in near real-time. Such sensors will support proactive responses to sudden harmful faecal contamination events. A method is proposed to enable the development of the visioned FIB monitoring tool.

中文翻译：

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水中粪便指示菌的监测方法：设想用于大肠杆菌和肠球菌的远程实时传感器

进行了全面审查以评估主要粪便指示菌 (FIB) 大肠杆菌和肠球菌的监测方法的当前状态。对方法的准确性、提供连续数据和即时检测结果的能力、成本、有关必要试剂释放或其他污染源的环境意识、原位监测能力和便携性等方法进行了确定和检查。结果表明，有几种方法既精确又复杂，但无法实时或远程执行。这主要是由于他们的实验室测试要求，例如冗长的样品制备、需要昂贵的试剂和荧光标签。这项研究确定便携式荧光传感，结合先进的建模方法来补偿环境干扰和误报的读数，可以为混合 FIB 传感方法奠定基础，允许远程部署一组网络 FIB 传感器，这些传感器可以近乎实时地收集高频数据。此类传感器将支持对突发性有害粪便污染事件的主动响应。提出了一种方法来实现可视化 FIB 监控工具的开发。