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Population genomics of the Viking world
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-16 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8
Ashot Margaryan , Daniel J. Lawson , Martin Sikora , Fernando Racimo , Simon Rasmussen , Ida Moltke , Lara M. Cassidy , Emil Jørsboe , Andrés Ingason , Mikkel W. Pedersen , Thorfinn Korneliussen , Helene Wilhelmson , Magdalena M. Buś , Peter de Barros Damgaard , Rui Martiniano , Gabriel Renaud , Claude Bhérer , J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar , Anna K. Fotakis , Marie Allen , Raili Allmäe , Martyna Molak , Enrico Cappellini , Gabriele Scorrano , Hugh McColl , Alexandra Buzhilova , Allison Fox , Anders Albrechtsen , Berit Schütz , Birgitte Skar , Caroline Arcini , Ceri Falys , Charlotte Hedenstierna Jonson , Dariusz Błaszczyk , Denis Pezhemsky , Gordon Turner-Walker , Hildur Gestsdóttir , Inge Lundstrøm , Ingrid Gustin , Ingrid Mainland , Inna Potekhina , Italo M. Muntoni , Jade Cheng , Jesper Stenderup , Jilong Ma , Julie Gibson , Jüri Peets , Jörgen Gustafsson , Katrine H. Iversen , Linzi Simpson , Lisa Strand , Louise Loe , Maeve Sikora , Marek Florek , Maria Vretemark , Mark Redknap , Monika Bajka , Tamara Pushkina , Morten Søvsø , Natalia Grigoreva , Tom Christensen , Ole Kastholm , Otto Uldum , Pasquale Favia , Per Holck , Sabine Sten , Símun V. Arge , Sturla Ellingvåg , Vayacheslav Moiseyev , Wiesław Bogdanowicz , Yvonne Magnusson , Ludovic Orlando , Peter Pentz , Mads Dengsø Jessen , Anne Pedersen , Mark Collard , Daniel G. Bradley , Marie Louise Jørkov , Jette Arneborg , Niels Lynnerup , Neil Price , M. Thomas P. Gilbert , Morten E. Allentoft , Jan Bill , Søren M. Sindbæk , Lotte Hedeager , Kristian Kristiansen , Rasmus Nielsen , Thomas Werge , Eske Willerslev

The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about AD 750-1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history1,2. Here we sequenced the genomes of 442 humans from archaeological sites across Europe and Greenland (to a median depth of about 1×) to understand the global influence of this expansion. We find the Viking period involved gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east. We observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, with diversity hotspots in the south and restricted gene flow within Scandinavia. We find evidence for a major influx of Danish ancestry into England; a Swedish influx into the Baltic; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial ancestry from elsewhere in Europe entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Our ancient DNA analysis also revealed that a Viking expedition included close family members. By comparing with modern populations, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the past millennium, and trace positively selected loci-including the lactase-persistence allele of LCT and alleles of ANKA that are associated with the immune response-in detail. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial transregional engagement: distinct populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, and Scandinavia experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.

中文翻译:

维京人世界的人口基因组学

维京时代(大约公元 750-1050 年)斯堪的纳维亚人口的海上扩张是世界历史上的一个深远转变 1,2。在这里,我们对来自欧洲和格陵兰岛考古遗址的 442 人的基因组进行了测序(平均深度约为 1 倍),以了解这种扩张对全球的影响。我们发现维京时期涉及基因从南部和东部流入斯堪的纳维亚半岛。我们观察了斯堪的纳维亚境内的遗传结构,南部有多样性热点,而斯堪的纳维亚境内的基因流受到限制。我们找到了丹麦血统大量涌入英国的证据;瑞典人涌入波罗的海;和挪威人涌入爱尔兰、冰岛和格陵兰岛。此外,我们看到来自欧洲其他地方的大量血统在维京时代进入斯堪的纳维亚半岛。我们的古代 DNA 分析还显示,维京探险队包括亲密的家庭成员。通过与现代人群的比较,我们发现色素沉着相关位点在过去的千年中经历了强烈的群体分化,并追踪了阳性选择位点——包括 LCT 的乳糖酶持久性等位基因和与免疫反应相关的 ANKA 等位基因——细节。我们得出的结论是,维京侨民的特点是大量的跨区域参与:不同的人群影响了欧洲不同地区的基因组构成,斯堪的纳维亚与欧洲大陆其他地区的接触增加。我们发现色素沉着相关基因座在过去的千年中经历了强烈的种群分化,并详细追踪了阳性选择基因座——包括 LCT 的乳糖酶持久性等位基因和与免疫反应相关的 ANKA 等位基因。我们得出的结论是,维京侨民的特点是大量的跨区域参与:不同的人群影响了欧洲不同地区的基因组构成,斯堪的纳维亚与欧洲大陆其他地区的接触增加。我们发现色素沉着相关基因座在过去的千年中经历了强烈的种群分化,并详细追踪了阳性选择基因座——包括 LCT 的乳糖酶持久性等位基因和与免疫反应相关的 ANKA 等位基因。我们得出的结论是,维京侨民的特点是大量的跨区域参与:不同的人群影响了欧洲不同地区的基因组构成,斯堪的纳维亚与欧洲大陆其他地区的接触增加。
更新日期:2020-09-16
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