A giant planet candidate transiting a white dwarf,Nature

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A giant planet candidate transiting a white dwarf
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-16 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2713-y
Andrew Vanderburg _{1,

2} , Saul A Rappaport ₃ , Siyi Xu ₄ , Ian J M Crossfield ₅ , Juliette C Becker ₆ , Bruce Gary ₇ , Felipe Murgas _{8,

9} , Simon Blouin ₁₀ , Thomas G Kaye _{11,

12} , Enric Palle _{8,

9} , Carl Melis ₁₃ , Brett M Morris ₁₄ , Laura Kreidberg _{15,

16} , Varoujan Gorjian ₁₇ , Caroline V Morley ₂ , Andrew W Mann ₁₈ , Hannu Parviainen _{8,

9} , Logan A Pearce ₁₉ , Elisabeth R Newton ₂₀ , Andreia Carrillo ₂ , Ben Zuckerman ₂₁ , Lorne Nelson ₂₂ , Greg Zeimann ₂₃ , Warren R Brown ₁₆ , René Tronsgaard ₂₄ , Beth Klein ₂₁ , George R Ricker ₃ , Roland K Vanderspek ₃ , David W Latham ₁₆ , Sara Seager _{3,

25,

26} , Joshua N Winn ₂₇ , Jon M Jenkins ₂₈ , Fred C Adams _{29,

30} , Björn Benneke _{31,

32} , David Berardo ₃ , Lars A Buchhave ₂₄ , Douglas A Caldwell _{28,

33} , Jessie L Christiansen ₃₄ , Karen A Collins ₁₆ , Knicole D Colón ₃₅ , Tansu Daylan ₃ , John Doty ₃₆ , Alexandra E Doyle ₃₇ , Diana Dragomir ₃₈ , Courtney Dressing ₃₉ , Patrick Dufour _{31,

32} , Akihiko Fukui _{8,

40} , Ana Glidden _{3,

25} , Natalia M Guerrero ₃ , Xueying Guo ₃ , Kevin Heng ₁₄ , Andreea I Henriksen ₂₄ , Chelsea X Huang ₃ , Lisa Kaltenegger _{41,

42} , Stephen R Kane ₄₃ , John A Lewis ₁₆ , Jack J Lissauer ₂₈ , Farisa Morales _{17,

44} , Norio Narita _{8,

45,

46,

47,

48} , Joshua Pepper ₄₉ , Mark E Rose ₂₈ , Jeffrey C Smith _{28,

33} , Keivan G Stassun _{50,

51} , Liang Yu _{3,

52}

Affiliation

Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
NSF's NOIRLab/Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Hereford Arizona Observatory, Hereford, AZ, USA.
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain.
Departamento Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain.
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
Raemor Vista Observatory, Sierra Vista, AZ, USA.
Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany.
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
Hobby-Eberly Telescope, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes (iREx), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA.
Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory (Code 667), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
Noqsi Aerospace, Billerica, MA, USA.
Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Moorpark College, Moorpark, CA, USA.
Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan.
PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan.
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Department of Physics, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, USA.
ExxonMobil Upstream Integrated Solutions, Spring, TX, USA.

Astronomers have discovered thousands of planets outside the Solar System1, most of which orbit stars that will eventually evolve into red giants and then into white dwarfs. During the red giant phase, any close-orbiting planets will be engulfed by the star2, but more distant planets can survive this phase and remain in orbit around the white dwarf3,4. Some white dwarfs show evidence for rocky material floating in their atmospheres5, in warm debris disks6-9 or orbiting very closely10-12, which has been interpreted as the debris of rocky planets that were scattered inwards and tidally disrupted13. Recently, the discovery of a gaseous debris disk with a composition similar to that of ice giant planets14 demonstrated that massive planets might also find their way into tight orbits around white dwarfs, but it is unclear whether these planets can survive the journey. So far, no intact planets have been detected in close orbits around white dwarfs. Here we report the observation of a giant planet candidate transiting the white dwarf WD 1856+534 (TIC 267574918) every 1.4 days. We observed and modelled the periodic dimming of the white dwarf caused by the planet candidate passing in front of the star in its orbit. The planet candidate is roughly the same size as Jupiter and is no more than 14 times as massive (with 95 per cent confidence). Other cases of white dwarfs with close brown dwarf or stellar companions are explained as the consequence of common-envelope evolution, wherein the original orbit is enveloped during the red giant phase and shrinks owing to friction. In this case, however, the long orbital period (compared with other white dwarfs with close brown dwarf or stellar companions) and low mass of the planet candidate make common-envelope evolution less likely. Instead, our findings for the WD 1856+534 system indicate that giant planets can be scattered into tight orbits without being tidally disrupted, motivating the search for smaller transiting planets around white dwarfs.

中文翻译：

过境白矮星的巨行星候选者

天文学家在太阳系外发现了数千颗行星1，其中大部分围绕恒星运行，这些恒星最终会演化成红巨星，然后演化成白矮星。在红巨星阶段，任何靠近轨道的行星都会被恒星吞噬2，但更远的行星可以在这个阶段幸存下来并保持在围绕白矮星的轨道上3,4。一些白矮星有证据表明岩石物质漂浮在它们的大气层 5、温暖的碎片盘 6-9 或非常接近的轨道 10-12 中，这被解释为向内散射并受到潮汐干扰的岩石行星碎片 13。最近，发现了一个成分类似于冰巨行星的气态碎片盘14，表明大质量行星也可能会进入白矮星周围的紧密轨道，但尚不清楚这些行星是否能在旅途中幸存下来。到目前为止，还没有在白矮星周围的近距离轨道上发现完整的行星。在这里，我们报告了一颗巨型行星候选者每 1.4 天经过白矮星 WD 1856+534 (TIC 267574918) 的观测结果。我们观察并模拟了由候选行星在其轨道上经过恒星前方引起的白矮星的周期性变暗。候选行星的大小与木星大致相同，质量不超过木星的 14 倍（有 95% 的置信度）。其他白矮星与棕矮星或恒星伴星相近的情况被解释为共包络演化的结果，其中原始轨道在红巨星阶段被包围并因摩擦而收缩。然而，在这种情况下，长轨道周期（与其他白矮星与棕矮星或恒星伴星相近）和候选行星的低质量使得共包络演化的可能性较小。相反，我们对 WD 1856+534 系统的发现表明，巨型行星可以分散到紧密的轨道中而不会受到潮汐的干扰，从而激发了寻找白矮星周围较小的过境行星的动力。

更新日期：2020-09-16

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