In sports, postural balance control has been demonstrated to be one of the limiting factors of performance and a necessary component to achieve any sport technique. Team players (TP) must process and react to multiple external stimuli while executing at the same time the skills of the game. By contrast, endurance athletes (END) must perform the same gesture repetitively without a concurrent coordination of continuous stimuli-related actions. However, END are used to facilitate their physical performance by adopting cognitive strategies while performing their sport gesture. Therefore, we aimed to investigate static and dynamic balance performance in these two types of athletes, both in single and dual-task conditions. Nineteen END and sixteen TP underwent a static and a dynamic balance assessment on a dynamometric platform and an instrumented oscillating board, respectively. Among TP static but not dynamic postural balance performance was negatively affected by dual-tasking considering the area of the confidence ellipse (p < 0.001; d = 0.52) and the sway path mean speed (p < 0.001; d = 0.93). Conversely, END unaltered static balance performance but showed an overall improvement in the dynamic one when dual-tasking occurred. The limited human processing capacity accounted the worsening of the cognitive performance in both TP (p < 0.05; d = 0.22) and END (p < 0.001; d = 0.37). Although TP are more used coping dual tasking, the better performance of END could be accounted for by the employment of the external attentive focus (i.e. counting backward aloud) that called into play a strategy close to those adopted during training and competitions. These surprising results should be considered when driving and developing new trainings for team players in dual-tasking conditions.

中文翻译：

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双重任务对静态和动态姿势平衡表现的影响：耐力运动员和团队运动运动员之间的比较


在运动中，姿势平衡控制已被证明是表现的限制因素之一，也是实现任何运动技术的必要组成部分。团队玩家（TP）必须处理多种外部刺激并做出反应，同时执行游戏技能。相比之下，耐力运动员（END）必须重复执行相同的手势，而无需同时协调连续刺激相关的动作。然而，END 用于通过在执行运动手势时采用认知策略来促进他们的身体表现。因此，我们的目的是研究这两类运动员在单任务和双任务条件下的静态和动态平衡表现。十九个END和十六个TP分别在测力平台和仪表振荡板上进行了静态和动态平衡评估。考虑到置信椭圆面积（p < 0.001；d = 0.52）和摇摆路径平均速度（p < 0.001；d = 0.93），TP 静态而非动态姿势平衡表现受到双重任务的负面影响。相反，END 未改变静态平衡性能，但在发生双任务时显示出动态平衡性能的整体改进。有限的人类处理能力导致 TP（p < 0.05；d = 0.22）和 END（p < 0.001；d = 0.37）的认知表现恶化。尽管 TP 更多地用于应对双重任务，但 END 的更好表现可以归因于外部注意力焦点（即大声倒数）的使用，该策略发挥了与训练和比赛期间采用的策略相近的策略。在双重任务条件下为团队成员驾驶和开发新的训练时，应该考虑这些令人惊讶的结果。