In this study, two types of energy storages are integrated,—namely, micro pumped hydro storage (micro-PHS), and battery storage—into small-scale renewable energy systems for assessing efficiency, cost, maturity, and storage duration.Optimal design of standalone renewable-micro PHS and -battery storage systems for a remote area in Sweden is conducted to find the most suitable solution by considering techno-economic performance indicators such as investment cost, life cycle cost, levelized cost of energy, loss of power supply probability, monthly and annual oversupply, and annual ratio of renewable power to supply power. Number of photovoltaic (PV) modules, number of wind turbines (for renewable energy section), installation height of the upper reservoir, volume of reservoir, pipes diameter, depth to diameter ratio of reservoir, turbine capacity, pump capacity (for PHS section), and battery capacity (for battery storage section) constitute the set of design variables and modified non-dominated sorting Genetic Algorithm is employed as the optimization algorithm. The results show that, for the optimal design with the full satisfaction of power demand, the hybrid PV-wind-battery storage system is the best option in terms of economic benefits and reliability, leading to 18.61% lower life cycle cost and 6.12% lower oversupply, compared to the hybrid PV-wind-micro PHS system. However, the design of both hybrid PV-battery storage and PV-micro PHS systems could be considered fully satisfactory designs led to much higher annual oversupply and much higher life cycle cost in comparison with the PV-Wind-battery storage system.

在这项研究中，将两种类型的储能器（即微型抽水蓄能器（micro-PHS）和电池储能器）集成到了小型可再生能源系统中，以评估效率，成本，成熟度和存储持续时间。通过考虑技术经济绩效指标，例如投资成本，生命周期成本，能源平均成本，电源损耗，对瑞典偏远地区的独立可再生微型PHS和电池存储系统进行了研究，以找到最合适的解决方案概率，月度和年度供过于求，以及可再生能源与供电的年度比率。光伏（PV）模块的数量，风力涡轮机的数量（用于可再生能源部分），上部水库的安装高度，水库的容量，管道直径，水库的深度与直径之比，涡轮机容量，泵容量（用于PHS部分）和电池容量（用于电池存储部分）构成了设计变量集，并且采用了改进的非支配排序遗传算法作为优化算法。结果表明，对于能够完全满足电力需求的优化设计，混合型光伏-风能电池存储系统在经济效益和可靠性方面是最佳选择，从而使生命周期成本降低18.61％，降低6.12％与混合型PV-wind-micro PHS系统相比，供过于求。但是，与PV-Wind电池存储系统相比，混合PV电池存储和PV-micro PHS系统的设计都可以被认为是完全令人满意的设计，从而导致更高的年度供过于求和更高的生命周期成本。电池容量（用于电池存储部分）构成设计变量集，并采用改进的非支配排序遗传算法作为优化算法。结果表明，对于能够完全满足电力需求的优化设计，混合型光伏-风能电池存储系统在经济效益和可靠性方面是最佳选择，从而使生命周期成本降低18.61％，降低6.12％与混合型PV-wind-micro PHS系统相比，供过于求。但是，与PV-Wind电池存储系统相比，混合PV电池存储和PV-micro PHS系统的设计都可以被认为是完全令人满意的设计，从而导致更高的年度供过于求和更高的生命周期成本。电池容量（用于电池存储部分）构成设计变量集，并采用改进的非支配排序遗传算法作为优化算法。结果表明，对于能够完全满足电力需求的优化设计，混合型光伏-风能电池存储系统在经济效益和可靠性方面是最佳选择，从而使生命周期成本降低18.61％，降低6.12％与混合型PV-wind-micro PHS系统相比，供过于求。但是，与PV-Wind电池存储系统相比，混合PV电池存储和PV-micro PHS系统的设计都可以被认为是完全令人满意的设计，从而导致更高的年度供过于求和更高的生命周期成本。