Abstract Increasing demand for cocoa and climate-related yield declines have sparked a multi-stakeholder debate on cocoa production strategies. Agrochemical inputs and pollination enhancement through hand pollination are two strategies to increase yields. Here, we test both strategies with field experiments in Indonesia. We show that even partial hand pollination (13% of easily accessible flowers/tree), and not fertilizers or insecticides, increases yield/tree by 51%. The more laborious 100% hand pollination of the entire tree increases yield/tree by 161%, and farmer’s annual net income from 994 USD/ha up to 1,677 USD/ha, or 69% in the study area, after accounting for farm operational, hand pollination labor, and opportunity costs. Thus, intensifying cocoa pollination appears to be a potential solution for closing cocoa yield gaps and should be considered in the current industry-led discussion of designing farms for mitigation of climate change.

中文翻译：

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人工授粉，而不是农药或化肥，可增加可可产量和农民收入

摘要 对可可的需求增加和与气候相关的产量下降引发了关于可可生产策略的多方利益相关者辩论。农用化学品投入和通过人工授粉增强授粉是提高产量的两种策略。在这里，我们通过在印度尼西亚的现场实验测试这两种策略。我们表明，即使是部分人工授粉（13% 的容易获得的花/树），而不是肥料或杀虫剂，也能使每棵树的产量增加 51%。更费力的全树100%人工授粉使每棵树的产量提高了161%，农民的年净收入从994美元/公顷增加到1,677美元/公顷，在考虑到农场运营后，在研究区是69%，人工授粉劳动和机会成本。因此，