Abstract Oil palm plantations have been expanding in recent decades in Indonesia and Malaysia. Carbon-rich tropical peat swamp forest has not been excluded from this expansion, because it was the last frontier suitable for industrial agriculture and more accessible than other undeveloped areas. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission through accelerated peat decomposition is one of the main environmental concerns in the conversion of peatlands into plantations, which undergo drainage to increase palm growth rates and production. Changes in aboveground biomass might also significantly alter the CO2 exchange dynamics of the ecosystem. Despite the potential changes in CO2 balance due to land conversion, so far no study has been conducted using the eddy covariance technique about the CO2 balance of oil palm plantations established on peat. We have monitored the eddy CO2 flux above an oil palm plantation on peat in Sarawak, Malaysia since 2011. During the period from 2011 to 2014 (four years), the plantation at 7–10 years of age was a large stable CO2 source with an annual net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of 994 ± 158 g C m−2 yr−1. The NEE was much more positive than that of a peat swamp forest (-136 ± 51 g C m−2 yr−1) in the same region during the same period. The large positive NEE was caused mainly by its relatively small gross primary production (GPP) (2529 ± 125 g C m−2 yr−1) due to low leaf area index resulting from high palm mortality. In addition, a large amount of plant debris left in the plantation probably contributed to the large NEE through decomposition, especially under the many canopy gaps due to high palm mortality mainly caused by toppling on poorly compacted peat. Adequate peat compaction is essential to reduce the mortality rate.

中文翻译：

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建立在热带泥炭上的油棕种植园的二氧化碳平衡

摘要 近几十年来，印度尼西亚和马来西亚的油棕种植园一直在扩大。富含碳的热带泥炭沼泽森林并没有被排除在这次扩张之外，因为它是最后一个适合工业化农业的前沿，而且比其他未开发地区更容易进入。通过加速泥炭分解排放的二氧化碳 (CO2) 是将泥炭地转化为种植园的主要环境问题之一，种植园经过排水以提高棕榈生长速度和产量。地上生物量的变化也可能显着改变生态系统的 CO2 交换动态。尽管土地转化可能会导致 CO2 平衡发生变化，但迄今为止，尚未使用涡流协方差技术对建立在泥炭上的油棕种植园的 CO2 平衡进行研究。自 2011 年以来，我们一直在监测马来西亚沙捞越泥炭油棕种植园上方的涡流 CO2 通量。 在 2011 年至 2014 年（四年）期间，7-10 年的种植园是一个大型稳定的 CO2 源，每年净生态系统二氧化碳交换 (NEE) 为 994 ± 158 g C m−2 yr−1。同一时期同一地区的 NEE 比泥炭沼泽森林 (-136 ± 51 g C m−2 yr−1) 更积极。大的正 NEE 主要是由于其相对较小的初级生产总值 (GPP) (2529 ± 125 g C m−2 yr−1) 造成的，这是由于棕榈死亡率高导致叶面积指数低。此外，种植园中留下的大量植物残骸可能通过分解导致大 NEE，特别是在许多树冠间隙下，这是由于棕榈树死亡率高，主要是由于倒塌在压实不良的泥炭上造成的。